Thales predicted an eclipse of the sun； which took place nearly six hundred years before the Christian era。 The Babylonians； the Persians； the Hindoos； and the Chinese early turned their attention to astronomy。 Many of their observations were accurately recorded； and their tables extend to a period of three thousand years before the birth of Christ。 Does not all this strongly argue the solidity of the science to which they belong？ Who； after this； will have the presumption to question； that the men who profess astronomy proceed on real grounds； and have a profound knowledge of these things； which at first sight might appear to be set at a distance so far removed from our ken？
The answer to this is easy。 I believe in all the astronomy that was believed by Thales。 I do not question the statements relative to the heavenly bodies that were delivered by the wise men of the East。 But the supposed discoveries that were made in the eighteenth； and even in the latter part of the seventeenth century； purporting to ascertain the precise distance of the sun； the planets； and even of the fixed stars； are matters entirely distinct from this。
Among the earliest astronomers of Greece were Thales； Anaximander； Anaximenes and Anaxagoras。 Thales； we are told； held that the earth is a sphere or globe； Anaximenes that it is like a round； flat table； Anaximander that the sun is like a chariot…wheel； and is twenty…eight times larger than the earth。 Anaxagoras was put in prison for affirming that the sun was by many degrees larger than the whole Peloponnesus＇66＇。 Kepler is of opinion that all the stars are at an equal distance from us； and are fixed in the same surface or sphere。
＇66＇ Plutarch； De Placitis Philosophorum。 Diogenes Laertius。
In reality the observations and the facts of astronomy do not depend either upon the magnitudes or the distances of the heavenly bodies。 They proceed in the first place upon what may lie seen with the naked eye。 They require an accurate and persevering attention。 They may be assisted by telescopes。 But they relate only to the sun and the planets。 We are bound to ascertain； as nearly as possible； the orbits described by the different bodies in the solar system： but this has still nothing to do； strictly speaking； with their magnitudes or distances。 It is required that we should know them in their relations to each other； but it is no preliminary of just； of practical； it might almost be said； of liberal science； that we should know any thing of them absolutely。
The unlimited ambition of the nature of man has discovered itself in nothing more than this； the amazing superstructure which the votaries of contemplation within the last two hundred years have built upon the simple astronomy of the ancients。 Having begun to compute the distances of miles by millions； it appears clearly that nothing can arrest the more than eagle…flight of the human mind。 The distance of the nearest fixed star from the earth； we are informed； is at least 7；000；000；000；000 miles； and of another which the astronomers name； not less than 38 millions of millions of miles。 The particles of light are said to travel 193；940 miles in every second； which is above a million times swifter than the progress of a cannon…ball＇67＇。 And Herschel has concluded； that the light issuing from the faintest nebulae he has discovered； must have been at this rate two millions of years in reaching the Barth＇68＇。
＇67＇ Ferguson； Section 216。 〃Light moves；〃 says Brewster； Optics； p。 2； 〃from one pole of the earth to the other in the 24th part of a second： a velocity which surpasses all comprehension。
＇68＇ Brinkley； Astronomy； p。 130。
SECTION III。
The next process of the modern astronomer is to affirm the innumerable orbs around us； discovered with the naked eye； or with which we are made acquainted by the aid of telescopes； to be all stocked with rational inhabitants。 The argument for this is； that an all…wise and omnipotent creator could never have produced such immense bodies； dispersed through infinite space； for any meaner purpose； than that of peopling them with 〃intelligent beings； formed for endless progression in perfection and felicity＇69＇。〃
＇69＇ See above； Essay XXI。
Now it appears to me； that； in these assertions； the modern astronomers are taking upon themselves somewhat too boldly； to expound the counsels of that mysterious power； to which the universe is indebted for its arrangement and order。
We know nothing of God but from his works。 Certain speculative men have adventured to reason upon the source of all the system and the wonders that we behold； a priori； and； having found that the creator is all powerful； all wise； and of infinite goodness； according to their ideas of power； wisdom and goodness； have from thence proceeded to draw their inferences； and to shew us in what manner the works of his hands are arranged and conducted by him。 This no doubt they have done with the purest intentions in the world； but it is not certain； that their discretion has equalled the boldness of their undertaking。
The world that we inhabit； this little globe of earth； is to us an infinite mystery。 Human imagination is unable to conceive any thing more consummate than the great outline of things below。 The trees and the skies； the mountains and the seas； the rivers and the springs； appear as if the design had been to realise the idea of paradise。 The freshness of the air； the silvery light of day； the magnificence of the clouds； the gorgeous and soothing colouring of the world； the profusion and exquisiteness of the fruits and flowers of the earth； are as if nothing but joy and delicious sensations had been intended for us。 When we ascend to the animal creation； the scene is still more admirable and transporting。 The birds and the beasts； the insects that skim the air； and the fishes that live in the great deep； are a magazine of wonders； that we may study for ever； without fear of arriving at the end of their excellence。 Last of all； comes the crown of the creation； man； formed with looks erect； to commerce with the skies。 What a masterpiece of workmanship is his form； while the beauty and intelligence of Gods seems to manifest itself in his countenance！ Look at that most consummate of all implements； the human hand； think of his understanding； how composed and penetrating； of the wealth of his imagination； of the resplendent virtues he is qualified to display！ 〃How wonderful are thy works； Oh God； in wisdom hast thou created them all！〃
But there are other parts of the system in which we live； which do not seem to correspond with those already enumerated。 Before we proceed to people infinite space； it would be as well； if we surveyed the surface of the earth we inhabit。 What vast deserts do we find in it； what immense tracks of burning sands！ One half of the globe is perhaps irreclaimable to the use of man。 Then let us think of earthquakes and tempests； of wasting hurricanes； and the number of vessels； freighted with human beings； that are yearly buried in the caverns o？the ocean。 Let us call to mind in man； the prime ornament of the creation； all the diseases to which his frame is subject；
Convulsions； epilepsies； fierce catarrhs； Intestine stone and ulcer； colic pangs； Demoniac frenzy； moping melancholy； And moon…struck madness； pining atrophy； Marasmus； and wide…wasting pestilence； Dropsies； and asthmas； and joint…racking rheums。
The very idea of our killing； and subsisting upon the flesh of animals； surely somewhat jars with our conceptions of infinite benevolence。
But； when we look at the political history of man； the case is infinitely worse。 This too often seems one tissue of misery and vice。 War； conquest； oppression； tyranny； slavery； insurrections； massacres； cruel punishments； degrading corporal infliction； and the extinction of life under the forms of law； are to be found in almost every page。 It is as if an evil demon were let loose upon us； and whole nations； from one decad of years to another； were struck with the most pernicious madness。 Certain reasoners tell us that this is owing to the freedom of will； without which man could not exist。 But here we are presented with an alternative； from which it is impossible for human understanding to escape。 Either God； according to our ideas of benevolence； would remove evil out of the world； and cannot； or he can； and will not。 If he has the will and not the power； this argues weakness； if he has the power and not the will； this seems to be malevolence。
Let us descend from the great stage of the nations； and look into the obscurities of private misery。 Which of us is happy？ What bitter springs of misery overflow the human heart； and are borne by us in silence！ What cruel disappointments beset us！ To what struggles are we doomed； while we struggle often in vain！ The human heart seems framed； as if to be the capacious receptacle of all imaginable sorrows。 The human frame seems constructed； as if all its fibres were prepared to sustain varieties of torment。 〃In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread； till thou return to the earth。〃 But how often does that sweat prove ineffective！ There are men of whom sorrow seems to be the destiny； from which they can never escape。 There are hearts； into which by their constitution it appears as if serenity and content could never enter； but which are given up to all the furious passions； or are for ever the prey of repining and depression。 Ah； little think the gay； licentious proud； Whom pleasure； power and affluence surround； How many pine in want！ How many shrink Into the sordid hut； how many drink The cup of grief； and eat the bitter bread Of misery！
And； which aggravates the evil； almost all the worst vices； the most unprincipled acts； and the darkest passions of the human mind； are bred out of poverty and distress。 Satan； in the Book of Job； says to the Almighty； 〃Thou hast blessed the work of thy servant； and his substance is increased in the land。 But put forth thy hand now； and take away all that he hath； and he will curse thee to thy face。〃 The prayer of Agar runs； 〃Feed me with food convenient for me； lest I be poor； and steal； and take