or mathematicians； astronomers or dissectors of the faculties of our common nature。
But this is not true。 It has already appeared in the course of this Essay； that the talent； or； more accurately speaking； the original suitableness of the individual for the cultivation； of music or painting； depends upon certain peculiarities that we bring into the world with us。 The same thing may be affirmed of the poet。 As； in the infinite variety of human beings； there are no two faces so alike that they cannot be distinguished； nor even two leaves plucked from the same tree； so there are varieties in the senses； the organs； and the internal structure of the human species； however delicate； and to the touch of the bystander evanescent； which give to each individual a predisposition to rise to excellence in one particular art or attainment； rather than in any other。
And this view of things； if well considered； is as favourable； nay； more so； to the hypothesis of the successive improveableness of the human species； as the creed of Helvetius。 According to that philosopher； every human creature that is born into the world； is capable of becoming； or being made； the equal of Homer； Bacon or Newton； and as easily and surely of the one as the other。 This creed； if sincerely embraced； no doubt affords a strong stimulus to both preceptor and pupil； since； if true； it teaches us that any thing can be made of any thing； and that； wherever there is mind； it is within the compass of possibility； not only that that mind can be raised to a high pitch of excellence； but even to a high pitch of that excellence； whatever it is； that we shall prefer to all others； and most earnestly desire。
Still this creed will； after all； leave both preceptor and pupil in a state of feeling considerably unsatisfactory。 What it sets before us； is too vast and indefinite。 We shall be left long perhaps in a state of balance as to what species of excellence we shall choose； and； in the immense field of accessible improvement it offers to us； without land…mark or compass for the direction of our course； it is scarcely possible that we should feel that assured confidence and anticipation of success； which are perhaps indispensibly required to the completion of a truly arduous undertaking。
But； upon the principles laid down in this Essay； the case is widely different。 We are here presented in every individual human creature with a subject better fitted for one sort of cultivation than another。 We are excited to an earnest study of the individual； that we may the more unerringly discover what pursuit it is for which his nature and qualifications especially prepare him。 We may be long in choosing。 We may be even on the brink of committing a considerable mistake。 Our subsequent observations may enable us to correct the inference we were disposed to make from those which went before。 Our sagacity is flattered by the result of the laborious scrutiny which this view of our common nature imposes upon us。
In addition to this we reap two important advantages。
In the first place； we feel assured that every child that is born has his suitable sphere； to which if he is devoted； he will not fail to make an honourable figure； or； in other words； will be seen to be endowed with faculties； apt； adroit； intelligent and acute。 This consideration may reasonably stimulate us to call up all our penetration for the purpose of ascertaining the proper destination of the child for whom we are interested。
And； secondly； having arrived at this point； we shall find ourselves placed in a very different predicament from the guardian or instructor； who； having selected at random the pursuit which his fancy dictates； and in the choice of which he is encouraged by the presumptuous assertions of a wild metaphysical philosophy； must often； in spite of himself； feel a secret misgiving as to the final event。 He may succeed； and present to a wondering world a consummate musician； painter； poet； or philosopher； for even blind chance may sometimes hit the mark； as truly as the most perfect skill。 But he will probably fail。 Sudet multum； frustraque laboret。 And； if he is disappointed； he will not only feel that disappointment in the ultimate result； but also in every step of his progress。 When he has done his best； exerted his utmost industry； and consecrated every power of his soul to the energies he puts forth； he may close every day； sometimes with a faint shadow of success； and sometimes with entire and blank miscarriage。 And the latter will happen ten thousand times； for once that the undertaking shall be blessed with a prosperous event。
But； when the destination that is given to a child has been founded upon a careful investigation of the faculties； tokens； and accidental aspirations which characterise his early years； it is then that every step that is made with him； becomes a new and surer source of satisfaction。 The moment the pursuit for which his powers are adapted is seriously proposed to him； his eyes sparkle； and a second existence； in addition to that which he received at his birth； descends upon him。 He feels that he has now obtained something worth living for。 He feels that he is at home； and in a sphere that is appropriately his own。 Every effort that he makes is successful。 At every resting…place in his race of improvement he pauses； and looks back on what he has done with complacency。 The master cannot teach him so fast； as he is prompted to acquire。
What a contrast does this species of instruction exhibit； to the ordinary course of scholastic education！ There； every lesson that is prescribed； is a source of indirect warfare between the instructor and the pupil； the one professing to aim at the advancement of him that is taught； in the career of knowledge； and the other contemplating the effect that is intended to be produced upon him with aversion； and longing to be engaged in any thing else； rather than in that which is pressed upon his foremost attention。 In this sense a numerous school is； to a degree that can scarcely be adequately described； the slaughter…house of mind。 It is like the undertaking； related by Livy； of Accius Navius； the augur； to cut a whetstone with a razorwith this difference； that our modern schoolmasters are not endowed with the gift of working miracles； and； when the experiment falls into their hands； the result of their efforts is a pitiful miscarriage。 Knowledge is scarcely in any degree imparted。 But； as they are inured to a dogged assiduity； and persist in their unavailing attempts； though the shell of science； so to speak； is scarcely in the smallest measure penetrated； yet that inestimable gift of the author of our being； the sharpness of human faculties； is so blunted and destroyed； that it can scarcely ever be usefully employed even for those purposes which it was originally best qualified to effect。
A numerous school is that mint from which the worst and most flagrant libels on our nature are incessantly issued。 Hence it is that we are taught； by a judgment everlastingly repeated； that the majority of our kind are predestinated blockheads。
Not that it is by any means to be recommended； that a little writing and arithmetic； and even the first rudiments of classical knowledge； so far as they can be practicably imparted； should be withheld from any。 The mischief is； that we persist； month after month； and year after year； in sowing our seed； when it has already been fully ascertained； that no suitable and wholsome crop will ever be produced。
But what is perhaps worse is； that we are accustomed to pronounce； that that soil； which will not produce the crop of which we have attempted to make it fertile； is fit for nothing。 The majority of boys； at the very period when the buds of intellect begin to unfold themselves； are so accustomed to be told that they are dull and fit for nothing； that the most pernicious effects are necessarily produced。 They become half convinced by the ill…boding song of the raven； perpetually croaking in their ears； and； for the other half； though by no means assured that the sentence of impotence awarded against them is just； yet； folding up their powers in inactivity； they are contented partly to waste their energies in pure idleness and sport； and partly to wait； with minds scarcely half awake； for the moment when their true destination shall be opened before them。
Not that it is by any means to be desired。 that the child in his earlier years should meet with no ruggednesses in his way； and that he should perpetually tread 〃the primrose path of dalliance。〃 Clouds and tempests occasionally clear the atmosphere of intellect； not less than that of the visible world。 The road to the hill of science； and to the promontory of heroic virtue； is harsh and steep； and from time to time puts to the proof the energies of him who would ascend their topmost round。
There are many things which every human creature should learn； so far as； agreeably to the constitution of civilised society； they can be brought within his reach。 He should be induced to learn them； willingly if possible； but； if that cannot be thoroughly effected； yet with half a will。 Such are reading； writing； arithmetic； and the first principles of grammar； to which shall be added； as far as may be； the rudiments of all the sciences that are in ordinary use。 The latter however should not be brought forward too soon； and； if wisely delayed； the tyro himself will to a certain degree enter into the views of his instructor； and be disposed to essay Quid valeant humeri； quid ferre recusent。 But； above all； the beginnings of those studies should be encouraged； which unfold the imagination； familiarise us with the feelings； the joys and sufferings of our fellow…beings； and teach us to put ourselves in their place and eagerly fly to their assistance。
SECTION IV。
HOW FAR OUR GENUINE PROPENSITIES AND VOCATION SHOULD BE FAVOURED。SELF…REVERENCE RECOMMENDED。CONCLUSION。
I knew a man of eminent intellectual faculties＇3＇； one of whose favourite topics of moral prudence was； that it is the greatest mistake in the world to suppose； that； when we have discovered the special aspiration of the youthful mind； we are bound to do every thin