men of invention and industry- 第27部分

made　an　elaborate　calculation　in　his　pamphlet　entitled　'The　New

Patriotic　Imperial　and　National　Light　and　Heat　Company；'　from

which　it　appeared　that　the　net　annual　profits　〃agreeable　to　the

official　experiments〃　would　amount　to　over　two　hundred　and

twenty…nine　millions　of　pounds！and　that；　giving　over

nine…tenths　of　that　sum　towards　the　redemption　of　the　National

Debt；　there　would　still　remain　a　total　profit　of　570L。　to　be　paid

to　the　subscribers　for　every　5L。　of　deposit！　　Winsor　took　out　a

patent　for　the　invention；　and　the　company；　of　which　he　was　a

member；　proceeded　to　Parliament　for　an　Act。　　Boulton　and　Watt

petitioned　against　the　Bill；　and　James　Watt；　junior；　gave

evidence　on　the　subject。　　Henry　Brougham；　who　was　the　counsel　for

the　petitioners；　made　great　fun　of　Winsor's　absurd

speculations；＇10＇　and　the　Bill　was　thrown　out。



In　the　following　year　the　London　and　Westminster　Chartered　Gas

Light　and　Coke　Company　succeeded　in　obtaining　their　Act。　　They

were　not　very　successful　at　first。　　Many　prejudices　existed

against　the　employment　of　the　new　light。　　It　was　popularly

supposed　that　the　gas　was　carried　along　the　pipes　on　fire；　and

that　the　pipes　must　necessarily　be　intensely　hot。　　When　it　was

proposed　to　light　the　House　of　Commons　with　gas；　the　architect

insisted　on　the　pipes　being　placed　several　inches　from　the　walls；


for　fear　of　fire；　and；　after　the　pipes　had　been　fixed；　the

members　might　be　seen　applying　their　gloved　hands　to　them　to

ascertain　their　temperature；　and　afterwards　expressing　the

greatest　surprise　on　finding　that　they　were　as　cool　as　the

adjoining　walls。



The　Gas　Company　was　on　the　point　of　dissolution　when　Mr。　Samuel

Clegg　came　to　their　aid。　　Clegg　had　been　a　pupil　of　Murdock's；　at

Soho。　　He　knew　all　the　arrangements　which　Murdock　had　invented。　

He　had　assisted　in　fitting　up　the　gas　machinery　at　the　mills　of

Phillips　&　Lee；　Manchester；　as　well　as　at　Lodge's　Mill；　Sowerby

Bridge；　near　Halifax。　　He　was　afterwards　employed　to　fix　the

apparatus　at　the　Catholic　College　of　Stoneyhurst；　in　Lancashire；

at　the　manufactory　of　Mr。　Harris　at　Coventry；　and　at　other

places。　　In　1813　the　London　and　Westminster　Gas　Company　secured

the　services　of　Mr。　Clegg；　and　from　that　time　forwards　their

career　was　one　of　prosperity。　　In　1814　Westminster　Bridge　was

first　lighted　with　gas；　and　shortly　after　the　streets　of　St。　

Margaret's；　Westminster。　　Crowds　of　people　followed　the

lamplighter　on　his　rounds　to　watch　the　sudden　effect　of　his　flame

applied　to　the　invisible　stream　of　gas　which　issued　from　the

burner。　　The　lamplighters　became　so　disgusted　with　the　new　light

that　they　struck　work；　and　Clegg　himself　had　for　a　time　to　act　as

lamplighter。



The　advantages　of　the　new　light；　however；　soon　became　generally

recognised；　and　gas　companies　were　established　in　most　of　the

large　towns。　　Glasgow　was　lit　up　by　gas　in　1817；　and　Liverpool

and　Dublin　in　the　following　year。　　Had　Murdock　in　the　first

instance　taken　out　a　patent　for　his　invention；　it　could　not　fail

to　have　proved　exceedingly　remunerative　to　him；　but　he　derived　no

advantage　from　the　extended　use　of　the　new　system　of　lighting

except　the　honour　of　having　invented　it。＇11＇　He　left　the　benefits

of　his　invention　to　the　public；　and　returned　to　his　labours　at

Soho；　which　more　than　ever　completely　engrossed　him。



Murdock　now　became　completely　identified　with　the　firm　of　Boulton

&　Watt。　　He　assigned　to　them　his　patent　for　the　slide…valve；　the

rotary　engine；　and　other　inventions　〃for　a　good　and　valuable

consideration。〃　　Indeed　his　able　management　was　almost

indispensable　to　the　continued　success　of　the　Soho　foundry。　　Mr。

Nasmyth；　when　visiting　the　works　about　thirty　years　after　Murdock

had　taken　their　complete　management　in　hand；　recalled　to　mind　the

valuable　services　of　that　truly　admirable　yet　modest　mechanic。　

He　observed　the　admirable　system；　which　he　had　invented；　of

transmitting　power　from　one　central　engine　to　other　small　vacuum

engines　attached　to　the　several　machines　which　they　were　employed

to　work。　　〃This　vacuum　method；〃　he　says；　〃of　transmitting　power

dates　from　the　time　of　Papin；　but　it　remained　a　dead　contrivance

for　about　a　century　until　it　received　the　masterly　touch　of

Murdock。〃



〃The　sight　which　I　obtained〃　（Mr。　Nasmyth　proceeds）　〃of　the　vast

series　of　workshops　of　that　celebrated　establishment；　fitted　with

evidences　of　the　presence　and　results　of　such　master　minds　in

design　and　execution；　and　the　special　machine　tools　which　I

believe　were　chiefly　to　be　ascribed　to　the　admirable　inventive

power　and　common…sense　genius　of　William　Murdock；　made　me　feel

that　I　was　indeed　on　classic　ground　in　regard　to　everything

connected　with　the　construction　of　steam…engine　machinery。　　The

interest　was　in　no　small　degree　enhanced　by　coming　every　now　and

then　upon　some　machine　that　had　every　historical　claim　to　be

regarded　as　the　prototype　of　many　of　our　modern　machine　tools。　

All　these　had　William　Murdock's　genius　stamped　upon　them；　by

reason　of　their　common…sense　arrangements；　which　showed　that　he

was　one　of　those　original　thinkers　who　had　the　courage　to　break

away　from　the　trammels　of　traditional　methods；　and　take　short

cuts　to　accomplish　his　objects　by　direct　and　simple　means。〃



We　have　another　recollection　of　William　Murdock；　from　one　who

knew　him　when　a　boy。　　This　is　the　venerable　Charles　Manby；

F。R。S。；　still　honorary　secretary　of　the　Institute　of　Civil

Engineers。　　He　says　（writing　to　us　in　September　1883）；　〃I　see

from　the　public　prints　that　you　have　been　presiding　at　a　meeting

intended　to　do　honour　to　the　memory　of　William　Murdocka　most

worthy　man　and　an　old　friend　of　mine。　　When　he　found　me　working

the　first　slide　valve　ever　introduced　into　an　engine…building

establishment　at　Horsley；　he　patted　me　on　the　head；　and　said　to

my　father；　'Neighbour　Manby；　this　is　not　the　way　to　bring　up　a

good　workman　merely　turning　a　handle；　without　any　shoulder

work。'　　He　evidently　did　not　anticipate　any　great　results　from　my

engineering　education。　　But　we　all　know　what　machine　tools　are

doing　now；and　where　should　we　be　without　them？〃



Watt　withdrew　from　the　firm　in　1800；　on　the　expiry　of　his　patent

for　the　condensing　steam…engine；　but　Boulton　continued　until　the

year　1809；　when　he　died　full　of　years　and　honours。　　Watt　lived　on

until　1819。　　The　last　part　of　his　life　was　the　happiest。　　During

the　time　that　he　was　in　the　throes　of　his　invention；　he　was　very

miserable；　weighed　down　with　dyspepsia　and　sick　headaches。　　But

after　his　patent　had　expired；　he　was　able　to　retire　with　a

moderate　fortune；　and　began　to　enjoy　life。　　Before；　he　had

〃cursed　his　inventions；〃　now　he　could　bless　them。　　He　was　able　to

survey　them；　and　find　out　what　was　right　and　what　was　wrong。　　He

used　his　head　and　his　hands　in　his　private　workshop；　and　found

many　means　of　employing　both　pleasantly。　　Murdock　continued　to　be

his　fast　friend；　and　they　spent　many　agreeable　hours　together。　

They　made　experiments　and　devised　improvements　in　machines。　　Watt

wished　to　make　things　more　simple。　　　He　said　to　Murdock；　〃it　is　a

great　thing　to　know　what　to　do　without。　　We　must　have　a　book　of

blotsthings　to　be　scratched　out。〃　　One　of　the　most　interesting

schemes　of　Watt　towards　the　end　of　his　life　was　the　contrivance

of　a　sculpture…making　machine；　and　he　proceeded　so　far　with　it　as

to　to　able　to　present　copies　of　busts　to　his　friends　as　〃the

productions　of　a　young　artist　just　entering　his　eighty…third

year。〃　　The　machine；　however；　remained　unfinished　at　his　death；

and　the　remarkable　fact　is　that　it　was　Watt's　only　unfinished

work。



The　principle　of　the　machine　was　to　carry　a　guide…point　at　one

side　over　the　bust　or　alto…relievo　to　be　copied；　and　at　the　other

side　to　carry　a　corresponding　cutting…tool　or　drill　over　the

alabaster；　ivory；　jet；　or　plaster　of　Paris　to　be　executed。　　The

machine　worked；　as　it　were；　with　two　hands；　the　one　feeling　the

pattern；　the　other　cutting　the　material　into　the　required　form。　

Many　new　alterations　were　necessary　for　carrying　out　this

ingenious　apparatus；　and　Murdock　was　always　at　hand　to　give　his

old　friend　and　master　his　best　assistance。　　　We　have　seen　many

original　letters　from　Watt　to　Murdock；　asking　for　counsel　and

help。　　In　one　of　these；　written　in　1808；　Watt　says：　〃I　have

revived　an　idea　which；　if　it　answers；　will　supersede　the　frame

and　upright　spindle　of　the　reducing　machine；　but　more　of　this

when　we　meet。　　Meanwhile　it　will　be　proper　to　adhere　to　the

frame；　etc。；　at　present；　until　we　see　how　the　other　alterations

answer。〃　　In　another　he　says：　〃I　have　done　a　Cicero　without　any

plaitsthe　different　segments　meeting　exactly。　　The　fitting　the

drills　into　the　spindle　by　a　taper　of　1　in　6　will　do。　　They　are

perfectly　stiff　and　will　not　unscrew　easily。　　Four　guide…pullies

answer；　but　there　must　be　a　pair　for　the　other　end；　and　to　work

with　a　single　hand；　for　the　returning　part　is　always　cut　upon

some　part　or　other　of　the　frame。〃



These　letters　are　written　sometimes　in　the　morning；　sometimes　at

noon；　sometimes　at　night。　　There　was　a　great　deal　of

correspondence　about　〃pullies；〃　which　did　not　seem　to　answer　at

first。　　〃I　have　made　the　tablets；〃　said　Watt　on　one　occasion；

〃slide　more　easily；　and　can　counterbalance　any　part　of　their

weight　which　may　be　necessary；　but　the　first　thing　to　try　is　the

solidity　of　the　machine；　which　cannot　be　done　till　the　pullies

are　mounted。〃　　Then　again：　〃The　bust…making　must　be　given　up

until　we　get　a　more　solid　frame。　　I　have　worked　two　days　at　one

and　spoiled　it；　principally　from　the　want　of　steadiness。〃　　For

Watt；　it　must　be　remembered；　was　now　a　very　old　man。



He　then　proceeded　to　send　Murdock　the　drawing　of　a　〃parallel

motion　for　the　machine；〃　to　be　executed　by　the　workmen　at　Soho。　

The　truss　braces　and　the　crosses　were　to　be　executed　of　steel；

according　to　the　details　he　enclosed。　　〃I　have　warmed　up；〃　he