ade a hole through it and hung it about his neck for a breastplate。 The liberal Christians sold it to him for the low price of twenty deer…skins； worth twenty crowns； and they also let him have a copper kettle for fifty skins。 They drove a lively traffic with the savages for much of such 〃truck；〃 and the chief came on board and ate and drank merrily with the strangers。 His wife and children； short of stature but well…formed and bashful； also paid them a visit。 She wore a long coat of leather； with a piece of leather about her loins； around her forehead a band of white coral； and from her ears bracelets of pearls of the bigness of great peas hung down to her middle。 The other women wore pendants of copper； as did the children； five or six in an ear。 The boats of these savages were hollowed trunks of trees。 Nothing could exceed the kindness and trustfulness the Indians exhibited towards their visitors。 They kept them supplied with game and fruits； and when a party made an expedition inland to the residence of Granganameo； his wife （her husband being absent） came running to the river to welcome them； took them to her house and set them before a great fire； took off their clothes and washed them； removed the stockings of some and washed their feet in warm water； set plenty of victual； venison and fish and fruits； before them； and took pains to see all things well ordered for their comfort。 〃More love they could not express to entertain us。〃 It is noted that these savages drank wine while the grape lasted。 The visitors returned all this kindness with suspicion。
They insisted upon retiring to their boats at night instead of lodging in the house； and the good woman； much grieved at their jealousy； sent down to them their half…cooked supper； pots and all； and mats to cover them from the rain in the night； and caused several of her men and thirty women to sit all night on the shore over against them。 〃A more kind； loving people cannot be；〃 say the voyagers。
In September the expedition returned to England； taking specimens of the wealth of the country； and some of the pearls as big as peas； and two natives； Wanchese and Manteo。 The 〃lord proprietary〃 obtained the Queen's permission to name the new lands 〃Virginia；〃 in her honor； and he had a new seal of his arms cut； with the legend； Propria insignia Walteri Ralegh； militis； Domini et Gubernatoris Virginia。
The enticing reports brought back of the fertility of this land； and the amiability of its pearl…decked inhabitants； determined Raleigh at once to establish a colony there； in the hope of the ultimate salvation of the 〃poor seduced infidell〃 who wore the pearls。 A fleet of seven vessels； with one hundred householders； and many things necessary to begin a new state； departed from Plymouth in April； 1585。 Sir Richard Grenville had command of the expedition； and Mr。 Ralph Lane was made governor of the colony； with Philip Amadas for his deputy。 Among the distinguished men who accompanied them were Thomas Hariot； the mathematician； and Thomas Cavendish； the naval discoverer。 The expedition encountered as many fatalities as those that befell Sir Humphrey Gilbert； and Sir Richard was destined also to an early and memorable death。 But the new colony suffered more from its own imprudence and want of harmony than from natural causes。
In August； Grenville left Ralph Lane in charge of the colony and returned to England； capturing a Spanish ship on the way。 The colonists pushed discoveries in various directions； but soon found themselves involved in quarrels with the Indians； whose conduct was less friendly than formerly； a change partly due to the greed of the whites。 In June； when Lane was in fear of a conspiracy which he had discovered against the life of the colony； and it was short of supplies； Sir Francis Drake appeared off Roanoke； returning homeward with his fleet from the sacking of St。 Domingo； Carthagena； and St。 Augustine。 Lane； without waiting for succor from England； persuaded Drake to take him and all the colony back home。 Meantime Raleigh； knowing that the colony would probably need aid； was preparing a fleet of three well appointed ships to accompany Sir Richard Grenville； and an 〃advice ship；〃 plentifully freighted； to send in advance to give intelligence of his coming。 Great was Grenville's chagrin； when he reached Hatorask； to find that the advice boat had arrived； and finding no colony； had departed again for England。 However； he established fifteen men （〃fifty；〃 says the 〃General Historie〃） on the island； provisioned for two years； and then returned home。
＇Sir Richard Grenville in 1591 was vice…admiral of a fleet； under command of Lord Thomas Howard； at the Azores； sent against a Spanish Plate…fleet。 Six English vessels were suddenly opposed by a Spanish convoy of 53 ships of war。 Left behind his comrades； in embarking from an island； opposed by five galleons； he maintained a terrible fight for fifteen hours； his vessel all cut to pieces； and his men nearly all slain。 He died uttering aloud these words： 〃Here dies Sir Richard Grenville； with a joyful and quiet mind； for that I have ended my life as a true soldier ought to do； fighting for his country； queen； religion； and honor。〃＇
Mr。 Ralph Lane's colony was splendidly fitted out； much better furnished than the one that Newport； Wingfield； and Gosnold conducted to the River James in 1607； but it needed a man at the head of it。 If the governor had possessed Smith's pluck； he would have held on till the arrival of Grenville。
Lane did not distinguish himself in the conduct of this governorship； but he nevertheless gained immortality。 For he is credited with first bringing into England that valuable medicinal weeds called tobacco； which Sir Walter Raleigh made fashionable； not in its capacity to drive 〃rheums〃 out of the body； but as a soother； when burned in the bowl of a pipe and drawn through the stem in smoke； of the melancholy spirit。
The honor of introducing tobacco at this date is so large that it has been shared by three personsSir Francis Drake； who brought Mr。 Lane home； Mr。 Lane； who carried the precious result of his sojourn in America； and Sir Walter Raleigh； who commended it to the use of the ladies of Queen Elizabeth's court。
But this was by no means its first appearance in Europe。 It was already known in Spain； in France； and in Italy； and no doubt had begun to make its way in the Orient。 In the early part of the century the Spaniards had discovered its virtues。 It is stated by John Neander； in his 〃 Tobaco Logia；〃 published in Leyden in 1626； that Tobaco took its name from a province in Yucatan； conquered by Fernando Cortez in 1519。 The name Nicotiana he derives from D。 Johanne Nicotino Nemansensi； of the council of Francis II。； who first introduced the plant into France。 At the date of this volume （1626） tobacco was in general use all over Europe and in the East。 Pictures are given of the Persian water pipes； and descriptions of the mode of preparing it for use。 There are reports and traditions of a very ancient use of tobacco in Persia and in China； as well as in India； but we are convinced that the substance supposed to be tobacco； and to be referred to as such by many writers； and described as 〃intoxicating；〃 was really India hemp； or some plant very different from the tobacco of the New World。 At any rate there is evidence that in the Turkish Empire as late as 1616 tobacco was still somewhat a novelty； and the smoking of it was regarded as vile； and a habit only of the low。 The late Hekekian Bey； foreign minister of old Mahomet Ali； possessed an ancient Turkish MS which related an occurrence at Smyrna about the year 1610； namely； the punishment of some sailors for the use of tobacco； which showed that it was a novelty and accounted a low vice at that time。 The testimony of the trustworthy George Sandys； an English traveler into Turkey； Egypt； and Syria in 1610 （afterwards； 1621； treasurer of the colony in Virginia）； is to the same effect as given in his 〃Relation；〃 published in London in 1621。 In his minute description of the people and manners of Constantinople； after speaking of opium； which makes the Turks 〃giddy…headed〃 and 〃turbulent dreamers；〃 he says： 〃But perhaps for the self…same cause they delight in Tobacco： which they take through reedes that have joyned with them great heads of wood to containe it； I doubt not but lately taught them as brought them by the English； and were it not sometimes lookt into （for Morat Bassa ＇Murad III。？＇ not long since commanded a pipe to be thrust through the nose of a Turke； and to be led in derision through the Citie）； no question but it would prove a principal commodity。 Nevertheless they will take it in corners； and are so ignorant therein； that that which in England is not saleable； doth passe here among them for most excellent。〃
Mr。 Stith （〃History of Virginia；〃 1746） gives Raleigh credit for the introduction of the pipe into good society； but he cautiously says； 〃We are not informed whether the queen made use of it herself： but it is certain she gave great countenance to it as a vegetable of singular strength and power； which might therefore prove of benefit to mankind； and advantage to the nation。〃 Mr。 Thomas Hariot； in his observations on the colony at Roanoke； says that the natives esteemed their tobacco； of which plenty was found； their 〃chief physicke。〃
It should be noted； as against the claim of Lane； that Stowe in his 〃Annales〃 （1615） says： 〃Tobacco was first brought and made known in England by Sir John Hawkins； about the year 1565； but not used by Englishmen in many years after； though at this time commonly used by most men and many women。〃 In a side…note to the edition of 1631 we read： 〃Sir Walter Raleigh was the first that brought tobacco in use； when all men wondered what it meant。〃 It was first commended for its medicinal virtues。 Harrison's 〃Chronologie；〃 under date of 1573； says： 〃In these daies the taking in of the smoke of the Indian herbe called 'Tabaco' by an instrument formed like a little ladell； whereby it passeth from the mouth into the hed and stomach； is gretlie taken… up and used in England； against Rewmes and some other diseases ingendred in the longes and inward partes；