dy Delaware had trouble to recover goods of hers left in Rolfe's hands in Virginia； and desired a commission directed to Sir Thomas Wyatt and Mr。 George Sandys to examine what goods of the late 〃Lord Deleware had come into Rolfe's possession and get satisfaction of him。〃 This George Sandys is the famous traveler who made a journey through the Turkish Empire in 1610； and who wrote； while living in Virginia； the first book written in the New World； the completion of his translation of Ovid's 〃Metamorphosis。〃
John Rolfe died in Virginia in 1622； leaving a wife and children。 This is supposed to be his third wife； though there is no note of his marriage to her nor of the death of his first。 October 7； 1622； his brother Henry Rolfe petitioned that the estate of John should be converted to the support of his relict wife and children and to his own indemnity for having brought up John's child by Powhatan's daughter。
This child； named Thomas Rolfe； was given after the death of Pocahontas to the keeping of Sir Lewis Stukely of Plymouth； who fell into evil practices； and the boy was transferred to the guardianship of his uncle Henry Rolfe； and educated in London。 When he was grown up he returned to Virginia； and was probably there married。 There is on record his application to the Virginia authorities in 1641 for leave to go into the Indian country and visit Cleopatra； his mother's sister。 He left an only daughter who was married； says Stith （1753）； 〃to Col。 John Bolling； by whom she left an only son； the late Major John Bolling； who was father to the present Col。 John Bolling； and several daughters； married to Col。 Richard Randolph； Col。 John Fleming； Dr。 William Gay； Mr。 Thomas Eldridge； and Mr。 James Murray。〃 Campbell in his 〃History of Virginia〃 says that the first Randolph that came to the James River was an esteemed and industrious mechanic； and that one of his sons； Richard； grandfather of the celebrated John Randolph； married Jane Bolling； the great granddaughter of Pocahontas。
In 1618 died the great Powhatan； full of years and satiated with fighting and the savage delights of life。 He had many names and titles； his own people sometimes called him Ottaniack； sometimes Mamauatonick； and usually in his presence Wahunsenasawk。 He ruled； by inheritance and conquest； with many chiefs under him； over a large territory with not defined borders； lying on the James； the York； the Rappahannock； the Potomac； and the Pawtuxet Rivers。 He had several seats； at which he alternately lived with his many wives and guard of bowmen； the chief of which at the arrival of the English was Werowomocomo； on the Pamunkey （York） River。 His state has been sufficiently described。 He is said to have had a hundred wives； and generally a dozenthe youngestpersonally attending him。 When he had a mind to add to his harem he seems to have had the ancient oriental custom of sending into all his dominions for the fairest maidens to be brought from whom to select。 And he gave the wives of whom he was tired to his favorites。
Strachey makes a striking description of him as he appeared about 1610： 〃He is a goodly old man not yet shrincking； though well beaten with cold and stormeye winters； in which he hath been patient of many necessityes and attempts of his fortune to make his name and famely great。 He is supposed to be little lesse than eighty yeares old； I dare not saye how much more； others saye he is of a tall stature and cleane lymbes； of a sad aspect； rownd fatt visaged； with graie haires； but plaine and thin； hanging upon his broad showlders； some few haires upon his chin； and so on his upper lippe： he hath been a strong and able salvadge； synowye； vigilant； ambitious； subtile to enlarge his dominions：。。。。 cruell he hath been； and quarellous as well with his own wcrowanccs for trifles； and that to strike a terrour and awe into them of his power and condicion； as also with his neighbors in his younger days； though now delighted in security and pleasure； and therefore stands upon reasonable conditions of peace with all the great and absolute werowances about him； and is likewise more quietly settled amongst his own。〃
It was at this advanced age that he had the twelve favorite young wives whom Strachey names。 All his people obeyed him with fear and adoration； presenting anything he ordered at his feet； and trembling if he frowned。 His punishments were cruel； offenders were beaten to death before him； or tied to trees and dismembered joint by joint； or broiled to death on burning coals。 Strachey wondered how such a barbarous prince should put on such ostentation of majesty； yet he accounted for it as belonging to the necessary divinity that doth hedge in a king： 〃Such is （I believe） the impression of the divine nature； and however these （as other heathens forsaken by the true light） have not that porcion of the knowing blessed Christian spiritt； yet I am perswaded there is an infused kind of divinities and extraordinary （appointed that it shall be so by the King of kings） to such as are his ymedyate instruments on earth。〃
Here is perhaps as good a place as any to say a word or two about the appearance and habits of Powhatan's subjects； as they were observed by Strachey and Smith。 A sort of religion they had； with priests or conjurors； and houses set apart as temples； wherein images were kept and conjurations performed； but the ceremonies seem not worship； but propitiations against evil； and there seems to have been no conception of an overruling power or of an immortal life。 Smith describes a ceremony of sacrifice of children to their deity； but this is doubtful； although Parson Whittaker； who calls the Indians 〃naked slaves of the devil；〃 also says they sacrificed sometimes themselves and sometimes their own children。 An image of their god which he sent to England 〃was painted upon one side of a toadstool； much like unto a deformed monster。〃 And he adds： 〃Their priests； whom they call Quockosoughs； are no other but such as our English witches are。〃 This notion I believe also pertained among the New England colonists。 There was a belief that the Indian conjurors had some power over the elements； but not a well…regulated power； and in time the Indians came to a belief in the better effect of the invocations of the whites。 In 〃Winslow's Relation；〃 quoted by Alexander Young in his 〃 Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers；〃 under date of July； 1623； we read that on account of a great drought a fast day was appointed。 When the assembly met the sky was clear。 The exercise lasted eight or nine hours。 Before they broke up； owing to prayers the weather was overcast。 Next day began a long gentle rain。 This the Indians seeing； admired the goodness of our God： 〃showing the difference between their conjuration and our invocation in the name of God for rain； theirs being mixed with such storms and tempests； as sometimes； instead of doing them good； it layeth the corn flat on the ground； but ours in so gentle and seasonable a manner； as they never observed the like。〃
It was a common opinion of the early settlers in Virginia； as it was of those in New England； that the Indians were born white； but that they got a brown or tawny color by the use of red ointments； made of earth and the juice of roots； with which they besmear themselves either according to the custom of the country or as a defense against the stinging of mosquitoes。 The women are of the same hue as the men； says Strachey； 〃howbeit； it is supposed neither of them naturally borne so discolored； for Captain Smith （lyving sometymes amongst them） affirmeth how they are from the womb indifferent white； but as the men； so doe the women；〃 〃dye and disguise themselves into this tawny cowler； esteeming it the best beauty to be nearest such a kind of murrey as a sodden quince is of；〃 as the Greek women colored their faces and the ancient Britain women dyed themselves with red； 〃howbeit ＇Strachey slyly adds＇ he or she that hath obtained the perfected art in the tempering of this collour with any better kind of earth； yearb or root preserves it not yet so secrett and precious unto herself as doe our great ladyes their oyle of talchum； or other painting white and red； but they frindly communicate the secret and teach it one another。〃
Thomas Lechford in his 〃Plain Dealing； or Newes from New England；〃 London； 1642； says： 〃They are of complexion swarthy and tawny； their children are borne white； but they bedawbe them with oyle and colors presently。〃
The men are described as tall； straight； and of comely proportions； no beards； hair black； coarse； and thick； noses broad； flat； and full at the end； with big lips and wide mouths'； yet nothing so unsightly as the Moors； and the women as having 〃handsome limbs； slender arms； pretty hands； and when they sing they have a pleasant tange in their voices。 The men shaved their hair on the right side； the women acting as barbers； and left the hair full length on the left side； with a lock an ell long。〃 A Puritan divine〃New England's Plantation； 1630〃says of the Indians about him； 〃their hair is generally black； and cut before like our gentlewomen； and one lock longer than the rest； much like to our gentlemen； which fashion I think came from hence into England。〃
Their love of ornaments is sufficiently illustrated by an extract from Strachey； which is in substance what Smith writes：
〃Their eares they boare with wyde holes； commonly two or three； and in the same they doe hang chaines of stayned pearle braceletts； of white bone or shreeds of copper； beaten thinne and bright； and wounde up hollowe； and with a grate pride； certaine fowles' legges； eagles； hawkes； turkeys； etc。； with beasts clawes； bears； arrahacounes； squirrells； etc。 The clawes thrust through they let hang upon the cheeke to the full view； and some of their men there be who will weare in these holes a small greene and yellow…couloured live snake； neere half a yard in length； which crawling and lapping himself about his neck oftentymes familiarly； he suffreeth to kisse his lippes。 Others weare a dead ratt tyed by the tayle； and such like conundrums。〃
This is the earliest use I find of our word 〃conundrum；〃 and the sense it bears here may aid in discovering its origin。
Powhatan is a very