h the strings about her waist； and when this was done； the （extra） clothes which she wore dropt down on the ground。 The earth at the same time was rent； and she went （down） alive into hell。＇16＇ （This） also is the place where Devadatta；＇17＇ trying with empoisoned claws to injure Buddha； went down alive into hell。 Men subsequently set up marks to distinguish where both these events took place。
Further； at the place where the discussion took place； they reared a vihara rather more than sixty cubits high； having in it an image of Buddha in a sitting posture。 On the east of the road there was a devalaya＇18＇ of （one of） the contrary systems； called 〃The Shadow Covered；〃 right opposite the vihara on the place of discussion； with （only） the road between them； and also rather more than sixty cubits high。 The reason why it was called 〃The Shadow Covered〃 was this： When the sun was in the west； the shadow of the vihara of the World… honoured one fell on the devalaya of a contrary system； but when the sun was in the east； the shadow of that devalaya was diverted to the north； and never fell on the vihara of Buddha。 The mal…believers regularly employed men to watch their devalaya； to sweep and water （all about it）； to burn incense； light the lamps； and present offerings； but in the morning the lamps were found to have been suddenly removed； and in the vihara of Buddha。 The Brahmans were indignant； and said； 〃Those Sramanas take out lamps and use them for their own service of Buddha； but we will not stop our service for you！〃＇19＇ On that night the Brahmans themselves kept watch； when they saw the deva spirits which they served take the lamps and go three times round the vihara of Buddha and present offerings。 After this ministration to Buddha they suddenly disappeared。 The Brahmans thereupon knowing how great was the spiritual power of Buddha； forthwith left their families； and became monks。＇20＇ It has been handed down； that； near the time when these things occurred； around the Jetavana vihara there were ninety…eight monasteries； in all of which there were monks residing； excepting only in one place which was vacant。 In this Middle Kingdom＇21＇ there are ninety…six＇21＇ sorts of views； erroneous and different from our system； all of which recognise this world and the future world＇22＇ （and the connexion between them）。 Each had its multitude of followers； and they all beg their food： only they do not carry the alms…bowl。 They also； moreover； seek （to acquire） the blessing （of good deeds） on unfrequented ways； setting up on the road…side houses of charity； where rooms； couches； beds； and food and drink are supplied to travellers； and also to monks； coming and going as guests； the only difference being in the time （for which those parties remain）。
There are also companies of the followers of Devadatta still existing。 They regularly make offerings to the three previous Buddhas； but not to Sakyamuni Buddha。
Four le south…east from the city of Sravasti； a tope has been erected at the place where the World…honoured one encountered king Virudhaha；＇23＇ when he wished to attack the kingdom of Shay…e；＇23＇ and took his stand before him at the side of the road。＇24＇
NOTES
＇1＇ In Singhalese； Sewet； here evidently the capital of Kosala。 It is placed by Cunningham （Archaeological Survey） on the south bank of the Rapti； about fifty…eight miles north of Ayodya or Oude。 There are still the ruins of a great town； the name being Sahet Mahat。 It was in this town； or in its neighbourhood； that Sakyamuni spent many years of his life after he became Buddha。
＇2＇ There were two Indian kingdoms of this name； a southern and a northern。 This was the northern； a part of the present Oudh。
＇3＇ In Singhalese； Pase…nadi； meaning 〃leader of the victorious army。〃 He was one of the earliest converts and chief patrons of Sakyamuni。 Eitel calls him （p。 95） one of the originators of Buddhist idolatory； because of the statue which is mentioned in this chapter。 See Hardy's M。 B。； pp。 283； 284； et al。
＇4＇ Explained by 〃Path of Love；〃 and 〃Lord of Life。〃 Prajapati was aunt and nurse of Sakyamuni； the first woman admitted to the monkhood； and the first superior of the first Buddhistic convent。 She is yet to become a Buddha。
＇5＇ Sudatta； meaning 〃almsgiver；〃 was the original name of Anatha… pindika （or Pindada）； a wealthy householder； or Vaisya head； of Sravasti； famous for his liberality （Hardy； Anepidu）。 Of his old house； only the well and walls remained at the time of Fa…hien's visit to Sravasti。
＇6＇ The Angulimalya were a sect or set of Sivaitic fanatics； who made assassination a religious act。 The one of them here mentioned had joined them by the force of circumstances。 Being converted by Buddha； he became a monk； but when it is said in the text that he 〃got the Tao；〃 or doctrine； I think that expression implies more than his conversion； and is equivalent to his becoming an Arhat。 His name in Pali is Angulimala。 That he did become an Arhat is clear from his autobiographical poem in the 〃Songs of the Theras。〃
＇7＇ Eitel （p。 37） says：〃A noted vihara in the suburbs of Sravasti； erected in a park which Anatha…pindika bought of prince Jeta； the son of Prasenajit。 Sakyamuni made this place his favourite residence for many years。 Most of the Sutras （authentic and supposititious） date from this spot。〃
＇8＇ See chapter xvii。
＇9＇ See chapter xiii。
＇10＇ Arya； meaning 〃honourable；〃 〃venerable；〃 is a title given only to those who have mastered the four spiritual truths：（1） that 〃misery〃 is a necessary condition of all sentient existence； this is duhkha： （2） that the 〃accumulation〃 of misery is caused by the passions； this is samudaya： （3） that the 〃extinction〃 of passion is possible； this is nirodha： and （4） that the 〃path〃 leads to the extinction of passion； which is marga。 According to their attainment of these truths； the Aryas； or followers of Buddha； are distinguished into four classes； Srotapannas； Sakridagamins； Anagamins； and Arhats。 E。 H。； p。 14。
＇11＇ This is the first time that Fa…hien employs the name Ho…shang ｛。｝ ｛。｝； which is now popularly used in China for all Buddhist monks without distinction of rank or office。 It is the representative of the Sanskrit term Upadhyaya； 〃explained；〃 says Eitel （p。 155） by 〃a self…taught teacher；〃 or by 〃he who knows what is sinful and what is not sinful；〃 with the note； 〃In India the vernacular of this term is ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （？ munshee ＇？ Bronze＇）； in Kustana and Kashgar they say ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （hwa…shay）； and from the latter term are derived the Chinese synonyms； ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （ho…shay） and ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （ho…shang）。〃 The Indian term was originally a designation for those who teach only a part of the Vedas； the Vedangas。 Adopted by Buddhists of Central Asia； it was made to signify the priests of the older ritual； in distinction from the Lamas。 In China it has been used first as a synonym for ｛。｝ ｛。｝； monks engaged in popular teaching （teachers of the Law）； in distinction from ｛。｝ ｛。｝； disciplinists； and ｛。｝ ｛。｝； contemplative philosophers （meditationists）； then it was used to designate the abbots of monasteries。 But it is now popularly applied to all Buddhist monks。 In the text there seems to be implied some distinction between the 〃teachers〃 and the 〃ho…shang；〃probably； the Pali Akariya and Upagghaya； see Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xiii； Vinaya Texts； pp。 178； 179。
＇12＇ It might be added； 〃as depending on it；〃 in order to bring out the full meaning of the ｛。｝ in the text。 If I recollect aright； the help of the police had to be called in at Hong Kong in its early years； to keep the approaches to the Cathedral free from the number of beggars； who squatted down there during service； hoping that the hearers would come out with softened hearts； and disposed to be charitable。 I found the popular tutelary temples in Peking and other places； and the path up Mount T'ai in Shan…lung similarly frequented。
＇13＇ The wife of Anatha…pindika； and who became 〃mother superior〃 of many nunneries。 See her history in M。 B。； pp。 220…227。 I am surprised it does not end with the statement that she is to become a Buddha。
＇14＇ See E。 H。； p。 136。 Hsuan…chwang does not give the name of this murderer； see in Julien's 〃Vie et Voyages de Hiouen…thsang；〃 p。 125； 〃a heretical Brahman killed a woman and calumniated Buddha。〃 See also the fuller account in Beal's 〃Records of Western Countries；〃 pp。 7； 8； where the murder is committed by several Brahmacharins。 In this passage Beal makes Sundari to be the name of the murdered person （a harlot）。 But the text cannot be so construed。
＇15＇ Eitel （p。 144） calls her Chancha； in Singhalese； Chinchi。 See the story about her； M。 B。； pp。 275…277。
＇16＇ 〃Earth's prison；〃 or 〃one of Earth's prisons。〃 It was the Avichi naraka to which she went； the last of the eight hot prisons； where the culprits die； and are born again in uninterrupted succession （such being the meaning of Avichi）； though not without hope of final redemption。 E。 H。 p。 21。
＇17＇ Devadatta was brother of Ananda； and a near relative therefore of Sakyamuni。 He was the deadly enemy； however； of the latter。 He had become so in an earlier state of existence； and the hatred continued in every successive birth； through which they reappeared in the world。 See the accounts of him； and of his various devices against Buddha； and his own destruction at the last； in M。 B。； pp。 315…321； 326…330； and still better； in the Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xx； Vinaya Texts； pp。 233…265。 For the particular attempt referred to in the text； see 〃The Life of the Buddha；〃 p。 107。 When he was engulphed； and the flames were around him； he cried out to Buddha to save him； and we are told that he is expected yet to appear as a Buddha under the name of Devaraja； in a universe called Deva…soppana。 E。 H。； p。 39。
＇18＇ 〃A devalaya （｛。｝ ｛。｝ or ｛。｝ ｛。｝）； a place in which a deva is worshipped；a general name for all Brahmanical temples〃 （Eitel； p。 30）。 We read in the Khang…hsi dictionary under ｛。｝； that when Kasyapa Matanga came to the Western Regions； with his Classics or Sutras； he was lodged in the Court of State…Ceremonial； and that afterwards there was built for him 〃The Court of the White…horse〃 （｛。｝ ｛。｝ ｛。｝）； and in consequence the name of Sze ｛。｝ came to be given to all Buddhistic temples。