rise from this。〃 When he had uttered this oath； the tree immediately began to grow from the roots； and it has continued to grow till now； when it is nearly 100 cubits in height。
NOTES
＇1＇ Here is an instance of ｛。｝ used； as was pointed out in chap。 ix； note 3； for a former age； and not merely a former time。 Perhaps 〃a former birth〃 is the best translation。 The Corean reading of Kasyapa Buddha is certainly preferable to the Chinese 〃Sakya Buddha。〃
＇2＇ See chap。 xvii； note 8。
＇3＇ I prefer to retain the Sanskrit term here； instead of translating the Chinese text by 〃Earth's prison ｛。｝ ｛。｝；〃 or 〃a prison in the earth；〃 the name for which has been adopted generally by Christian missionaries in China for gehenna and hell。
＇4＇ Eitel （p。 173） says：〃Yama was originally the Aryan god of the dead； living in a heaven above the world； the regent of the south； but Brahmanism transferred his abode to hell。 Both views have been retained by Buddhism。〃 The Yama of the text is the 〃regent of the narakas； residing south of Jambudvipa； outside the Chakravalas （the double circuit of mountains above）； in a palace built of brass and iron。 He has a sister who controls all the female culprits； as he exclusively deals with the male sex。 Three times； however； in every twenty…four hours； a demon pours boiling copper into Yama's mouth； and squeezes it down his throat； causing him unspeakable pain。〃 Such； however； is the wonderful 〃transrotation of births；〃 that when Yama's sins have been expiated； he is to be reborn as Buddha； under the name of 〃The Universal King。〃
＇5＇ Or； 〃was loosed；〃 from the bonds； I suppose； of his various illusions。
＇6＇ I have not met with this particular numerical category。
CHAPTER XXXIII
MOUNT GURUPADA； WHERE KASYAPA BUDDHA'S ENTIRE SKELETON IS。
（The travellers）； going on from this three le to the south； came to a mountain named Gurupada；＇1＇ inside which Mahakasyapa even now is。 He made a cleft； and went down into it； though the place where he entered would not （now） admit a man。 Having gone down very far； there was a hole on one side； and there the complete body of Kasyapa （still） abides。 Outside the hole （at which he entered） is the earth with which he had washed his hands。＇2＇ If the people living thereabouts have a sore on their heads； they plaster on it some of the earth from this； and feel immediately easier。＇3＇ On this mountain； now as of old； there are Arhats abiding。 Devotees of our Law from the various countries in that quarter go year by year to the mountain； and present offerings to Kasyapa； and to those whose hearts are strong in faith there come Arhats at night； and talk with them； discussing and explaining their doubts； and disappearing suddenly afterwards。
On this hill hazels grow luxuriously； and there are many lions； tigers； and wolves； so that people should not travel incautiously。
NOTES
＇1＇ 〃Fowl's…foot hill；〃 〃with three peaks； resembling the foot of a chicken。 It lies seven miles south…east of Gaya； and was the residence of Mahakasyapa； who is said to be still living inside this mountain。〃 So Eitel says； p。 58； but this chapter does not say that Kasyapa is in the mountain alive； but that his body entire is in a recess or hole in it。 Hardy （M。 B。； p。 97） says that after Kasyapa Buddha's body was burnt； the bones still remained in their usual position； presenting the appearance of a perfect skeleton。 It is of him that the chapter speaks； and not of the famous disciple of Sakyamuni； who also is called Mahakasyapa。 This will appear also on a comparison of Eitel's articles on 〃Mahakasyapa〃 and 〃Kasyapa Buddha。〃
＇2＇ Was it a custom to wash the hands with 〃earth；〃 as is often done with sand？
＇3＇ This I conceive to be the meaning here。
CHAPTER XXXIV
ON THE WAY BACK TO PATNA。 VARANASI； OR BENARES。 SAKYAMUNI'S FIRST DOINGS AFTER BECOMING BUDDHA。
Fa…hien＇1＇ returned （from here） towards Pataliputtra；＇2＇ keeping along the course of the Ganges and descending in the direction of the west。 After going ten yojanas he found a vihara； named 〃The Wilderness；〃a place where Buddha had dwelt； and where there are monks now。
Pursuing the same course； and going still to the west； he arrived； after twelve yojanas； at the city of Varanasi＇3＇ in the kingdom of Kasi。 Rather more than ten le to the north…east of the city； he found the vihara in the park of 〃The rishi's Deer…wild。〃＇4＇ In this park there formerly resided a Pratyeka Buddha；＇5＇ with whom the deer were regularly in the habit of stopping for the night。 When the World… honoured one was about to attain to perfect Wisdom； the devas sang in the sky； 〃The son of king Suddhodana； having quitted his family and studied the Path （of Wisdom）；＇6＇ will now in seven days become Buddha。〃 The Pratyeka Buddha heard their words； and immediately attained to nirvana； and hence this place was named 〃The Park of the rishi's Deer…wild。〃＇7＇ After the World…honoured one had attained to perfect Wisdom； men build the vihara in it。
Buddha wished to convert Kaundinya＇8＇ and his four companions； but they； （being aware of his intention）； said to one another； 〃This Sramana Gotama＇9＇ for six years continued in the practice of painful austerities； eating daily （only） a single hemp…seed； and one grain of rice； without attaining to the Path （of Wisdom）； how much less will he do so now that he has entered （again） among men； and is giving the reins to （the indulgence of） his body； his speech； and his thoughts！ What has he to do with the Path （of Wisdom）？ To…day； when he comes to us； let us be on our guard not to speak with him。〃 At the places where the five men all rose up； and respectfully saluted （Buddha）； when he came to them； where； sixty paces north from this； he sat with his face to the east； and first turned the wheel of the Law； converting Kaundinya and the four others； where； twenty paces further to the north； he delivered his prophecy concerning Maitreya；＇10＇ and where； at a distance of fifty paces to the south； the dragon Elapattra＇11＇ asked him； 〃When shall I get free from this naga body？〃at all these places topes were reared； and are still existing。 In （the park） there are two monasteries； in both of which there are monks residing。
When you go north…west from the vihara of the Deer…wild park for thirteen yojanas； there is a kingdom named Kausambi。＇12＇ Its vihara is named Ghochiravana＇13＇a place where Buddha formerly resided。 Now； as of old； there is a company of monks there； most of whom are students of the hinayana。
East from （this）； when you have travelled eight yojanas； is the place where Buddha converted＇14＇ the evil demon。 There； and where he walked （in meditation） and sat at the place which was his regular abode； there have been topes erected。 There is also a monastery； which may contain more than a hundred monks。
NOTES
＇1＇ Fa…hien is here mentioned singly； as in the account of his visit to the cave on Gridhra…kuta。 I think that Tao…ching may have remained at Patna after their first visit to it。
＇2＇ See chap。 xxvii； note 1。
＇3＇ 〃The city surrounded by rivers；〃 the modern Benares； lat。 25d 23s N。； lon。 83d 5s E。
＇4＇ 〃The rishi；〃 says Eitel； 〃is a man whose bodily frame has undergone a certain transformation by dint of meditation and ascetism； so that he is； for an indefinite period； exempt from decrepitude； age； and death。 As this period is believed to extend far beyond the usual duration of human life； such persons are called； and popularly believed to be； immortals。〃 Rishis are divided into various classes； and rishi…ism is spoken of as a seventh part of transrotation； and rishis are referred to as the seventh class of sentient beings。 Taoism； as well as Buddhism； has its Seen jin。
＇5＇ See chap。 xiii； note 15。
＇6＇ See chap。 xxii； note 2。
＇7＇ For another legend about this park； and the identification of 〃a fine wood〃 still existing； see note in Beal's first version； p。 135。
＇8＇ A prince of Magadha and a maternal uncle of Sakyamuni； who gave him the name of Ajnata； meaning automat； and hence he often appears as Ajnata Kaundinya。 He and his four friends had followed Sakyamuni into the Uruvilva desert； sympathising with him in the austerities he endured； and hoping that they would issue in his Buddhaship。 They were not aware that that issue had come； which may show us that all the accounts in the thirty…first chapter are merely descriptions； by means of external imagery； of what had taken place internally。 The kingdom of nirvana had come without observation。 These friends knew it not； and they were offended by what they considered Sakyamuni's failure； and the course he was now pursuing。 See the account of their conversion in M。 B。； p。 186。
＇9＇ This is the only instance in Fa…hien's text where the Bodhisattva or Buddha is called by the surname 〃Gotama。〃 For the most part our traveller uses Buddha as a proper name； though it properly means 〃The Enlightened。〃 He uses also the combinations 〃Sakya Buddha；〃=〃The Buddha of the Sakya tribe；〃 and 〃Sakyamuni；〃=〃The Sakya sage。〃 This last is the most common designation of the Buddha in China； and to my mind best combines the characteristics of a descriptive and a proper name。 Among other Buddhistic peoples 〃Gotama〃 and 〃Gotama Buddha〃 are the more frequent designations。 It is not easy to account for the rise of the surname Gotama in the Sakya family； as Oldenberg acknowledges。 He says that 〃the Sakyas； in accordance with the custom of Indian noble families； had borrowed it from one of the ancient Vedic bard families。〃 Dr。 Davids （〃Buddhism；〃 p。 27） says： 〃The family name was certainly Gautama；〃 adding in a note； 〃It is a curious fact that Gautama is still the family name of the Rajput chiefs of Nagara； the village which has been identified with Kapilavastu。〃 Dr。 Eitel says that 〃Gautama was the sacerdotal name of the Sakya family； which counted the ancient rishi Gautama among its ancestors。〃 When we proceed； however； to endeavour to trace the connexion of that Brahmanical rishi with the Sakya house； by means of 1323； 1468； 1469； and other historical works in Nanjio's Catalogue； we soon find that Indian histories have no surer foundation than the shifting sand；see E。 H。； on the name Sakya； pp。 108； 109。 We must be content for the present simply to accept Gotama as one of the