dian antiquarians。 In the thirteenth chapter there is an account of one built under the superintendence of Buddha himself； 〃as a model for all topes in future。〃 They were usually in the form of bell…shaped domes； and were solid； surmounted by a long tapering pinnacle formed with a series of rings； varying in number。 But their form； I suppose； was often varied； just as we have in China pagodas of different shapes。 There are several topes now in the Indian Institute at Oxford； brought from Buddha Gaya； but the largest of them is much smaller than 〃the smallest〃 of those of Khoten。 They were intended chiefly to contain the relics of Buddha and famous masters of his Law； but what relics could there be in the Tiratna topes of chapter xvi？
＇5＇ The meaning here is much disputed。 The author does not mean to say that the monk's apartments were made 〃square；〃 but that the monasteries were made with many guest…chambers or spare rooms。
＇6＇ The Sanskrit term for a monastery is used here；Sangharama； 〃gardens of the assembly；〃 originally denoting only 〃the surrounding park； but afterwards transferred to the whole of the premises〃 （E。 H。； p。 118）。 Gomati； the name of this monastery； means 〃rich in cows。〃
＇7＇ A denomination for the monks as vimala； 〃undefiled〃 or 〃pure。〃 Giles makes it 〃the menials that attend on the monks；〃 but I have not met with it in that application。
＇8＇ K'eeh…ch'a has not been clearly identified。 Remusat made it Cashmere； Klaproth； Iskardu； Beal makes it Kartchou； and Eitel； Khas'a； 〃an ancient tribe on the Paropamisus； the Kasioi of Ptolemy。〃 I think it was Ladak； or some well…known place in it。 Hwuy…tah； unless that name be an alias； appears here for the first time。
＇9＇ Instead of 〃four；〃 the Chinese copies of the text have 〃fourteen；〃 but the Corean reading is； probably； more correct。
＇10＇ There may have been； as Giles says； 〃maids of honour；〃 but the character does not say so。
＇11＇ The Sapta…ratna； gold； silver； lapis lazuli； rock crystal； rubies； diamonds or emeralds； and agate。 See Sacred Books of the East （Davids' Buddhist Suttas）； vol。 xi。； p。 249。
＇12＇ No doubt that of Sakyamuni himself。
＇13＇ A Bodhisattva is one whose essence has become intelligence； a Being who will in some future birth as a man （not necessarily or usually the next） attain to Buddhahood。 The name does not include those Buddhas who have not yet attained to pari…nirvana。 The symbol of the state is an elephant fording a river。 Popularly； its abbreviated form P'u…sa is used in China for any idol or image； here the name has its proper signification。
＇14＇ ｛。｝ ｛。｝； 〃all the thien；〃 or simply 〃the thien〃 taken as plural。 But in Chinese the character called thien ｛。｝ denotes heaven； or Heaven； and is interchanged with Ti and Shang Ti； meaning God。 With the Buddhists it denotes the devas or Brahmanic gods； or all the inhabitants of the six devalokas。 The usage shows the antagonism between Buddhism and Brahmanism； and still more that between it and Confucianism。
＇15＇ Giles and Williams call this 〃the oratory of Buddha。〃 But 〃oratory〃 gives the idea of a small apartment； whereas the name here leads the mind to think of a large 〃hall。〃 I once accompanied the monks of a large monastery from their refectory to the Hall of Buddha； which was a lofty and spacious apartment splendidly fitted up。
＇16＇ The Ts'ung； or 〃Onion〃 range； called also the Belurtagh mountains； including the Karakorum； and forming together the connecting links between the more northern T'een…shan and the Kwun…lun mountains on the north of Thibet。 It would be difficult to name the six countries which Fa…hien had in mind。
＇17＇ This seems to be the meaning here。 My first impression of it was that the author meant to say that the contributions which they received were spent by the monks mainly on the buildings； and only to a small extent for themselves； and I still hesitate between that view and the one in the version。
There occurs here the binomial phrase kung…yang ｛。｝ ｛。｝； which is one of the most common throughout the narrative； and is used not only of support in the way of substantial contributions given to monks； monasteries； and Buddhism； but generally of all Buddhistic worship； if I may use that term in the connexion。 Let me here quote two or three sentences from Davids' Manual （pp。 168…170）：〃The members of the order are secured from want。 There is no place in the Buddhist scheme for churches； the offering of flowers before the sacred tree or image of the Buddha takes the place of worship。 Buddhism does not acknowledge the efficacy of prayers； and in the warm countries where Buddhists live； the occasional reading of the law； or preaching of the word； in public； can take place best in the open air； by moonlight； under a simple roof of trees or palms。 There are five principal kinds of meditation； which in Buddhism takes the place of prayer。〃
CHAPTER IV
THROUGH THE TS'UNG OR 〃ONION〃 MOUNTAINS TO K'EEH…CH'A；PROBABLY SKARDO； OR SOME CITY MORE TO THE EAST IN LADAK
When the processions of images in the fourth month were over； Sang… shao； by himself alone； followed a Tartar who was an earnest follower of the Law；＇1＇ and proceeded towards Kophene。＇2＇ Fa…hien and the others went forward to the kingdom of Tsze…hoh； which it took them twenty…five days to reach。＇3＇ Its king was a strenuous follower of our Law；＇4＇ and had （around him） more than a thousand monks； mostly students of the mahayana。 Here （the travellers） abode fifteen days； and then went south for four days； when they found themselves among the Ts'ung…ling mountains； and reached the country of Yu…hwuy；＇5＇ where they halted and kept their retreat。＇6＇ When this was over； they went on among the hills＇7＇ for twenty…five days； and got to K'eeh… ch'a；＇8＇ there rejoining Hwuy…king＇9＇ and his two companions。
NOTES
＇1＇ This Tartar is called a ｛。｝ ｛。｝； 〃a man of the Tao；〃 or faith of Buddha。 It occurs several times in the sequel； and denotes the man who is not a Buddhist outwardly only； but inwardly as well； whose faith is always making itself manifest in his ways。 The name may be used of followers of other systems of faith besides Buddhism。
＇2＇ See the account of the kingdom of Kophene； in the 96th Book of the first Han Records； p。 78； where its capital is said to be 12；200 le from Ch'ang…gan。 It was the whole or part of the present Cabulistan。 The name of Cophene is connected with the river Kophes； supposed to be the same as the present Cabul river； which falls into the Indus； from the west； at Attock； after passing Peshawar。 The city of Cabul； the capital of Afghanistan； may be the Kophene of the text； but we do not know that Sang…shao and his guide got so far west。 The text only says that they set out from Khoten 〃towards it。〃
＇3＇ Tsze…hoh has not been identified。 Beal thinks it was Yarkand； which； however； was north…west from Khoten。 Watters （〃China Review；〃 p。 135） rather approves the suggestion of 〃Tashkurgan in Sirikul〃 for it。 As it took Fa…hien twenty…five days to reach it； it must have been at least 150 miles from Khoten。
＇4＇ The king is described here by a Buddhistic phrase； denoting the possession of viryabala； 〃the power of energy； persevering exertion one of the five moral powers〃 （E。 H。； p。 170）。
＇5＇ Nor has Yu…hwuy been clearly identified。 Evidently it was directly south from Tsze…hoh； and among the 〃Onion〃 mountains。 Watters hazards the conjecture that it was the Aktasch of our present maps。
＇6＇ This was the retreat already twice mentioned as kept by the pilgrims in the summer； the different phraseology； 〃quiet rest；〃 without any mention of the season； indicating their approach to India； E。 H。； p。 168。 Two； if not three； years had elapsed since they left Ch'ang…gan。 Are we now with them in 402？
＇7＇ This is the Corean reading ｛。｝； much preferable to the ｛。｝ of the Chinese editions。
＇8＇ Watters approves of Klaproth's determination of K'eeh…ch'a to be Iskardu or Skardo。 There are difficulties in connexion with the view； but it has the advantage； to my mind very great； of bringing the pilgrims across the Indus。 The passage might be accomplished with ease at this point of the river's course； and therefore is not particularly mentioned。
＇9＇ Who had preceded them from Khoten。
CHAPTER V
GREAT QUINQUENNIAL ASSEMBLY OF MONKS。 RELICS OF BUDDHA。 PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTRY。
It happened that the king of the country was then holding the pancha parishad； that is； in Chinese； the great quinquennial assembly。＇1＇ When this is to be held； the king requests the presence of the Sramans from all quarters （of his kingdom）。 They come （as if） in clouds； and when they are all assembled； their place of session is grandly decorated。 Silken streamers and canopies are hung out in； and water… lilies in gold and silver are made and fixed up behind the places where （the chief of them） are to sit。 When clean mats have been spread； and they are all seated； the king and his ministers present their offerings according to rule and law。 （The assembly takes place）； in the first； second； or third month； for the most part in the spring。
After the king has held the assembly； he further exhorts the ministers to make other and special offerings。 The doing of this extends over one； two； three； five； or even seven days； and when all is finished； he takes his own riding…horse； saddles； bridles； and waits on him himself；＇2＇ while he makes the noblest and most important minister of the kingdom mount him。 Then； taking fine white woollen cloth； all sorts of precious things； and articles which the Sramans require； he distributes them among them； uttering vows at the same time along with all his ministers； and when this distribution has taken place； he again redeems （whatever he wishes） from the monks。＇3＇
The country； being among the hills and cold； does not produce the other cereals； and only the wheat gets ripe。 After the monks have received their annual （portion of this）； the mornings suddenly show the hoar…frost； and on this account the king always begs the monks to make the wheat ripen＇4＇ before they receive their portion。 There is in the country a spitoon which belonged to Buddha； made of stone； and in colour like his alms…bowl。 There is also a tooth of Buddha； for which the people have reared