of the hospitals is proved through the admissions of generals;
commissaries and deputies that the soldiers were dying for want of
food and medicine。 If we add to this the extravagance with which the
leaders of the armies let the me be killed; we can readily comprehend
this triple renewal in the space of seven years。 … As an
illustration there was the village of four hundred and fifty
inhabitants in 1789 furnished (1792 and 1793) fifty soldiers。 (〃
Histoire du Village de Croissy; Seine…et…Oise pendant la Revolution;〃
by Campenon。)。… La Vendée was a bottomless pit; like Spain and Russia
afterwards。 〃A good republican; who entrusted with the supply the
Vendée army with provisions for fifteen months; assured me that out of
two hundred thousand men whom he had seen precipitated into this gulf
there were not ten thousand that came of it。〃 (Meissner; 〃Voyage à
Paris;〃 p。338; latter end of 1795) … The following figures
(〃Statistiques des Préfets〃 years IX。; until XI。) are exact。 Eight
departments; (Doubs; Ain; Eure; Meurthe; Aisne; Aude; Dr?me; Moselle)
furnish the total number of their volunteers; recruits and conscripts;
amounting to 193;343。 These three departments (Arthur Young; 〃Voyage
en France;〃 II。; 31) had; in 1790; a population of 2;446;000 souls:
the proportion indicates that out of 26 million Frenchmen a little
more than 2 millions were called up for military service。 … On the
other hand; five departments (Doubs; Eure; Meurthe; Aisne; Moselle)
gave; not only the number of their soldiers; 131;322; but likewise
that of their dead; 56;976; or out of 1000 men furnished 435 died。
This proportion shows 870;000 dead out of two million soldiers。
'129' The statistics of the prefects and reports of council…generals
of the year IX。 all agree in the statements of the notable diminution
of the masculine adult population。 … Lord Malmesbury had already made
the same observation in 1796。 (〃Diary;〃 October 21 and 23; 1796; from
Calais to Paris。) 〃Children and women were working in the fields。 Men
evidently reduced in number。 。 。 。 Carts often drawn by women and
most of them by old people or boys。 It is plain that the male
population has diminished; for the women we saw on the road surpassed
the number of men in the proportion of four to one。〃 Wherever the
number of the population is filled up it is through the infantile and
feminine increase。 Nearly all the prefects and council…generals state
that precocious marriages have multiplied to excess through
conscription。 … Dufort de Cheverney; 〃Mémoires;〃 September 1st; 1800。
〃 The conscription having spared the married; all the young men
married at the age of sixteen。 The number of children in the commune
is double and triple what it was formerly。〃
'130' Sauzay; X。; 471。 (Speech by Representative Biot; Aug。29; 1799。)
'131' Albert Babeau; II。; 466。 (Letter of Milany; July 1; 1798; and
report by Pout; Messidor; year VI。)
'132' Schmidt; III。; 374。 (Reports on the situation of the department
of the Seine; Ventose; year VII。) … Dufort de Cheverney; 〃Mémoires;〃
October 22; 1799。 〃The column of militia sets out to…day; there are
no more than thirty persons in it; and these again are all paid or not
paid clerks; attachés of the Republic; all these belonging to the
department; to the director of domains; in fine; all the bureaus。〃
'133' Schmidt; III。; 374。 (Reports on the situation of the department
of the Seine; Ventose; year VII。) … Dufort de Cheverney; 〃Mémoires;〃
October 22; 1799。 〃The column of militia sets out to…day; there are
no more than thirty persons in it; and these again are all paid or not
paid clerks; attachés of the Republic; all these belonging to the
department; to the director of domains; in fine; all the bureaus。〃
'134' M。 de Lafayette; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 162。 (Letter of July 22;
1799。) 〃The other day; at the mass in St。 Roch; a man by the side of
our dear Grammont; said fervently: 〃My God; have mercy on us;
exterminate the nation !〃 This; indeed; simply meant: 〃My God; deliver
us from the Convention system!〃
'135' Schmidt;298; 352; 377; 451; etc。 (Ventose; Frimaire and
Fructidor; year VII。)
'136' Ibid。; III。 (Reports of Prairial; year III。; department of the
Seine。)
'137' M。 de Lafayette; 〃Memoires;〃 II。; 164。 (Letter of July 14;
1799。) … De Tocqueville; 〃(?uvres complètes;〃 V。; 270。 (Testinony of
a contemporary。) … Sauzay; X。; 470; 471。 (Speeches by Briot and de
Echassériaux): 〃I cannot understand the frightful state of torpor into
which minds have fallen; people have come to believing nothing; to
feeling nothing; to doing nothing 。 。 。 。 The great nation which
had overcome all and created everything around her; seems to exist
only in the armies and in a few generous souls。〃
'138' Lord Malmesbury's 〃Diary;〃 (November 5; 1796)。 〃At
Randonneau's; who published all the acts and laws 。 。 。 。 Very
talkative; but clever 。 。 。 。 Ten thousand laws published since
1789; but only seventy enforced。〃… Ludovic Sciout; IV。; 770。 (Reports
of year VII。) In Puy de Dome: 〃Out of two hundred and eighty…six
communes there are two hundred in which the agents have committed
every species of forgery on the registers of the Etat…Civil and in the
copying of its acts; to clear individuals of military service。 Here;
young men of twenty and twenty…five are married to women of seventy…
two and eighty years of age; and even to those who have long been
dead; then; an extract from the death register clears a man who is
alive and well。〃 … 〃 Forged contracts are presented to avoid military
service; young soldiers are married to women of eighty; one woman;
thanks to a series of forgeries; is found married to eight or ten
conscripts。〃 (Letter of an officer of the Gendarmerie to Roanne;
Ventose 9; year VIII。)
'139' Words of De Tocqueville。 … 〃Le Duc de Broglie;〃 by M。 Guizot;
p。 16。 (Words of the Duc de Broglie。) 〃Those who were not living at
this time could form no idea of the profound discouragement into which
France had fallen in the interval between Fructidor 18 and Brumaire
18。〃
'140' Buchez et Roux; XXXVIII。; 480。 (Message of the Directory;
Floréal 13; year IV。; and report of Bailleul; Floreal 18。) 〃When an
election of deputies presented a bad result to us we thought it our
duty to propose setting it aside。 。 。 。 It will be said that your
project is a veritable proscription。〃 … 〃Not more so than the 19 of
Fructidor。〃 … Cf。 for dismissals in the provinces; Sauzay; V。; ch。
86。 … Albert Babeau; II。; 486。 During the four years the Directory
lasted the municipal council of Troyes was renewed seven times; in
whole or in part。
'141' Buchez et Roux; XXXIX。; 61。 (Session of Prairial 30; year
VII。)…Sauzay; X。; ch。 87。 … Léouzon…Leduc; 〃Correspondence
Diplomatique avec la cour de Suede;〃 P。 203。 … (Letters of July 1; 7
11; 19 August 4; September 23; 1799。) 〃The purification of
functionaries; so much talked about now; has absolutely no other end
in view but the removal of the partisans of one faction in order to
substitute those of another faction without any regard to moral
character。 。 。 。 It is this choice of persons without probity;
justice or any principles of honesty whatever for the most important
offices which makes one tremble; and especially; at this moment; all
who are really attached to their country。〃 … 〃The opening of the clubs
must; in every relation; be deemed a disastrous circumstance。 。 。 。
All classes of society are panic…stricken at the faintest probability
of the re…establishment of a republican government copied after that
of 1793〃 。 。 。 。 The party of political incendiaries in France is
the only one which carries out such designs energetically and
directly。〃
'142' Leouzon…Leduc; ibid; 328; 329。 (Dispatches of September 19 and
23。) … Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mercure Britannique。〃 (No。 for October 25;
1799。 Letter from Paris。 September 15。 Exposition of the situation
and tableau of the parties。) 〃I will add that the war waged with
success by the Directory against the Jacobins; (for; although the
Directory is itself a Jacobin production; it wants no more of its
masters); that this war; I say; has rallied people somewhat to the
government without having converted anyone to the Revolution or really
frightened the Jacobins who will pay them back if they have time to do
it。〃
'143' Gohier; 〃Mémoires;〃 conversation with Sieyès on his entry into
the Directory。 〃Here we are;〃 says Sieyès to him; 〃members of a
government which; as we cannot conceal from ourselves; is threatened
with a coming fall。 But when the ice melts skilful pilots can escape
in the breaking up。 A falling government does not always imperil
those at the head of it。〃
'144' Tacitus; 〃Annales;〃 book VI。; § 50。 〃Macro; intrepidus;
opprimi senem injectu mu1t? vestis discedique a limine。〃
'145' Mallet…Dupan;〃 Mercure Britannique。〃 (Nos。 for December 25;
1798 and December 1799。) 〃From the very beginning of the Revolution;
there never was; in the uproar of patriotic protestations; amidst so
many popular effusions of devotion to the popular cause to Liberty in
the different parties; but one fundamental conception; that of
grasping power after having instituted it; of using every means of
strengthening themselves; and of excluding the largest number from it;
in order to center themselves in a privileged committee。 As soon as
they had hurried through the articles of their constitution and seized
the reins of government; the dominant party conjured the nation to
trust to it; notwithstanding that the farce of their reasoning would
not bring about obedience; 。 。 。 Power and money and money and
power; all projects for guaranteeing their own heads and disposing of
those of their competitors; end in that。 From the agitators of 1789
to the tyrants of 1798; from Mira
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