n that struck down her defenses as far inland as Newbern on the fourteenth of March。 Then came the turn of Georgia； where Fort Pulaski； the outpost of Savannah； fell to the Federals on the eleventh of April。 Within another month Florida was even more hardly hit when the pressure of the Union fleet and army on Virginia compelled the South to use。 as reinforcements the garrison that had held Pensacola since the beginning of the war。
These were all severe blows to the Southern cause。 But they were nothing to the one which immediately followed。
The idea of an attack on New Orleans had been conceived in June； '61； by Commander （afterwards Admiral） D。D。 Porter； of the U。S。S。 Powhatan； when he was helping to blockade the Mississippi。 The Navy Department had begun thinking over the same idea in September and had worked out a definite scheme。 New Orleans was of immense strategic importance； as being the link between the sea and river systems of the war。 The mass of people and their politicians； on both sides； absurdly thought of New Orleans as the objective of a land invasion from the north。 Happily for the Union cause； Gustavus Fox； Assistant Secretary of the Navy； knew better and persuaded his civilian chief； Gideon Welles； that this was work for a joint expedition； with the navy first； the army second。 The navy could take New Orleans。 The army would have to hold it。
The squadron destined for this enterprise was commanded by David Glasgow Farragut； who arrived at Ship Island on February 20； 1862； in the Hartford； the famous man…of…war that carried his flag in triumph to the end。 Unlike Lee and Jackson； Grant and Sherman； the other four great leaders in the Civil War； Farragut was not an American whose ancestors on both sides had come from the British Isles。 Like Lee； however； he was of very ancient lineage； one of his ancestors； Don Pedro Farragut； having held a high command under the King of Aragon in the Moorish wars of the thirteenth century。 Farragut's father was a pure…blooded Spaniard； born under the British flag in Minorca in 1755。 Half Spanish； half Southern by descent； Farragut was wholly Southern by family environment。 His mother； Elizabeth Shine； was a native of North Carolina。 He spent his early boyhood in New Orleans。 Both his first and second wives came from Virginia； and he made his home at Norfolk。 On the outbreak of the war； however； he immediately went North and applied for employment with the Union fleet。
Farragut was the oldest of the five great leaders； being now sixty years of age； while Lee was fifty…five； Sherman forty…two； Grant forty； and Jackson thirty…eight。 He was； however； fit as an athlete in training； able to turn a handspring on his birthday and to hold his own in swordsmanship against any of his officers。 Of middle height； strong build； and rather plain features； he did not attract attention in a crowd。 But his alert and upright carriage； keenly interested look； and genial smile impressed all who ever knew him with a sense of native kindliness and power。 Though far too great a master of the art of war to interfere with his subordinates he always took care to understand their duties from their own points of view so that he could control every part of the complex naval instruments of warhuman and material alikewith a sure and inspiring touch。 His one weakness as a leader was his generous inclination to give subordinates the chance of distinguishing themselves when they could have done more useful service in a less conspicuous position。
Farragut's base at Ship Island was about a hundred miles east from the Confederate Forts Jackson and St。 Philip。 These forts guarded the entrance to the Mississippi。 Ninety miles above them stood New Orleans； to which they gave protection and from which they drew all their supplies。 The result of a conference at Washington was an order from Welles to 〃reduce the defenses which guard the approaches to New Orleans。〃 But Farragut's own infinitely better plan was to run past the forts and take New Orleans first。 By doing this he would save the extra loss required for reducing the forts and would take the weak defenses of New Orleans entirely by surprise。 Then； when New Orleans fell； the forts； cut off from all supplies； would have to surrender without the firing of another shot。 Everything depended on whether Farragut could run past without too much loss。 Profoundly versed in all the factors of the problem； he foresaw that his solution would prove right； while Washington's would as certainly be wrong。 So； taking the utmost advantage of all the freedom that his general instructions allowed； he followed a course in which anything short of complete success would mean the ruin of his whole career。
The forts were strong； had ninety guns that would bear once fleet； and were well placed； one on each side of the river。 But they suffered from all the disadvantages of fixed defenses opposed by a mobile enemy； and their own mobile auxiliaries were far from being satisfactory。 The best of the 〃River Defense Fleet；〃 including several rams； had been ordered up to Memphis； so sure was the Confederate Government that the attack would come from the north。 Two home…made ironclads were failures。 The Louisiana's engines were not ready in time； and her captain refused to be towed into the position near the boom where he could do the enemy most harm。 The Mississippi； a mere floating house； built by ordinary carpenters； never reached the forts at all and was burnt by her own men at New Orleans。
Farragut felt sure of his fleet。 He had four splendid new men…of…war that formed a homogeneous squadron； four other sizable warships； and nine new gunboats。 All spars and rigging that could be dispensed with were taken down； all hulls camouflaged with Mississippi mud； and all decks whitened for handiness at night。 A weak point； however； was the presence of mortar…boats that would have been better out of the way altogether。 These boats had been sent to bombard the forts；which； according to the plan preferred by the Government； were to be taken before New Orleans was attacked。 In other words； the Government wished to cut off the branches first； while Farragut wished to cut down the tree itself； knowing the branches must fall with the trunk。
On the eighteenth of April the mortar…boats began heaving shells at the forts。 But； after six days of bombardment； the forts were nowhere near the point of surrendering； and the supply of shells had begun to run low。
Meanwhile the squadron had been busy preparing for the great ordeal。 The first task was to break the boom across the river。 This boom was placed so as to hold the ships under the fire of the forts； and the four…knot spring current was so strong that the eight…knot ships could not make way enough against it to cut clear through with certainty。 Moreover； the middle of the boom was filled in by eight big schooners； chained together； with their masts and rigging dragging astern so as to form a most awkward entanglement。 Farragut's fleet captain； Henry H。 Bell； taking two gunboats； Itasca and Pinola； under Lieutenants Caldwell and Crosby； slipped the chains of one schooner； whereupon this schooner and the Itasca swung back and grounded under fire of the forts。 The Pinola gallantly stood by； helping Itasca clear。 Then Caldwell； with splendid audacity and skill； steamed up through the narrow gap； turned round； put on the Itasca's utmost speed； and； with the current in his favor； charged full tilt against the chains that still held fast。 For one breathless moment the little Itasca seemed lost。 Her bows rose clear out； as； quivering from stem to stern； she was suddenly brought up short from top speed to nothing。 But； in another fateful minute； with a rending crash； the two nearest schooners gave way and swept back like a gate； while the Itasca herself shot clear and came down in triumph to the fleet。
The passage was made on the twenty…fourth； in line…ahead （that is； one after another） because Farragut found the opening narrower than he thought it should be for two columns abreast； at night； under fire； and against the spring current。 Owing to the configuration of the channel the starboard column had to weigh first； which gave the lead to the 500…ton gunboat Cayuga。 This was the one weak point； because the leading vessel； drawing most fire； should have been the strongest。 The fault was Farragut's； for his heart got the better of his head when it came to placing Captain Theodorus Bailey； his dauntless second…in…command； on board a vessel fit to lead the starboard column。 He could not bear to obscure any captain's chances of distinction by putting another captain over him。 So Bailey was sent to the best vessel commanded by a lieutenant。
The Cayuga's navigating officer； finding that the guns of the forts were all trained on midstream； edged in towards Fort St。 Philip。 His masts were shot to pieces； but his hull drew clear without great damage。 〃Then；〃 he says； 〃I looked back for some of our vessels； and my heart jumped up into my mouth when I found I could not see a single one。 I thought they must all have been sunk by the forts。〃 But not a ship had gone down。 The three big ones of the starboard columnPensacola； Mississippi； and Oneidaclosed with the fort （so that the gunners on both sides exchanged jeers of defiance） and kept up a furious fire till the lighter craft astern slipped past safely and joined the Cayuga above。
Meanwhile the Cayuga had been attacked by a mob of Mississippi steamers； six of which belonged to the original fourteen blessed with their precious independence by Secretary Benjamin； 〃backed by the whole Missouri Delegation。〃 So when the rest of the Federal light craft came up； 〃all sorts of things happened〃 in a general free fight。 There was no lack of Confederate courage； but an utter absence of concerted action and of the simplest kind of naval skill； except on the part of the two vessels commanded by ex…officers of the United States Navy。 The Federal light craft cut their way through their unorganized opponents as easily as a battalion of regulars could cut through a mob throwing stones。 But the only two Confederate naval officers got clear of the scrimmage and did all that skill could do with their makeshift little craft against