issippi anywhere between Memphis and Vicksburg。 This meant that he must either start afresh from Memphis and try again to push overland by rail or cross the swampy peninsula in front of him and circle round his enemy。 A retirement on Memphis； no matter how wise； would look like another great Union defeat and consequently lower a public morale which； depressed enough by Fredericksburg； was being kept down by the constant naval reverses that opened '63。 Circling the front was therefore very much to be preferred from the political point of view。 On the other hand； it was beset by many alarming difficulties； for it meant starting from the flooded Mississippi and working through the waterlogged lowlands； across the peninsula； till a foothold could be seized on the eastern bank below Vicksburg。 Moreover； this circling attack； though feasible； might depress the morale of the troops by the way。 Burnside's disastrous 〃Mud March〃 through the January sloughs of Virginia； made in the vain hope of outflanking Lee； had lowered the morale of the army almost as much as Fredericksburg itself had lowered the morale of the people。
Through the depth of winter the army toiled 〃in ineffectual efforts；〃 says Grant； 〃to reach high land above Vicksburg from which we could operate against that stronghold； and in making artificial waterways through which a fleet might pass； avoiding the batteries to the south of the town； in case the other efforts should fail。〃 A wetter winter had never been known。 The whole complicated network of bends and bayous； of creeks； streams； runs； and tributary rivers； was overflowing the few slimy trails through the spongy forest and threatening the neglected levees which still held back the encroaching waters。 There was nothing to do； however； but to keep the men busy and the enemy confused by trying first one line and then another for two weary months。 By April； writes Grant； 〃the waters of the Mississippi having receded sufficiently to make it possible to march an army across the peninsula opposite Vicksburg； I determined to adopt this course； and moved my advance to a point below the town。〃
Meanwhile； far below； Farragut and Banks were at work round Port Hudson： Farragut to good effect； Banks as usual。 On the fourteenth of March Farragut started up the river with seven men…of…war and wanted the troops to make a demonstration against Port Hudson from the rear while the fleet worked its way past the front。 But； just as Farragut was weighing anchor； Banks； who had had ample time for preparation； sent word to say he was still five miles from Port Hudson。 〃He'd as well beat New Orleans；〃 muttered Farragut； 〃for all the good he's doing us。〃
Six of the vessels were lashed together in pairs； the heavier ones next the enemy； the lighter ones secured well aft so as to mask the fewest guns。 This arrangement also gave each pair the advantage of having twin screws。 Farragut's flagship； the Hartford； leading the line…ahead； suffered least from the dense smoke on that damp； calm； moonless night。 But the others were soon groping blindly up the tortuous channel。 The Hartford herself took the ground for a critical moment。 But； with her own screw going ahead and that of the Albatross going astern； she drew clear and won through。 Not so； however； the other five ships。 Only the Hartford and Albatross reached the Red River。 Yet even this was of great importance； as it completely cut off Port Hudson from all chance of relief。 Farragut went on up the Mississippi to see Grant； destroying all riverside stores on the way。 Grant was delighted； and； in the absence of Porter； who was up the Yazoo； sent Farragut an Ellet ram and some sorely needed coal。
Grant's seventh （and frst successful） effort to get a foothold （from which to carry out one of the boldest and most brilliant operations recorded in the history of war） began with a naval operation on the sixteenth of April； when Porter ran past the Vicksburg batteries by night。 Though Porter had the four…knot current in his favor he needed all his skill and moral courage to take a regular flotilla round the elongated U made by the Mississippi at Vicksburg； with such a bend as to keep vessels under more or less distant fire for five miles； aid under much closer fire for nearly nine。 At the bend the vessels could be caught end…on。 For nearly five miles after that they were subject to a plunging fire。 Porter led the way on board the flagship Benton。 He had seven ironclads； of which three were larger vessels and four were gunboats built by Eads； a naval constructor with orignal ideas and great executive ability。 One ram and three transports followed。 Coal barges were lashed alongside or taken in tow。 Some of these were lost and one transport was sunk。 But the rest got through； though not unscathed。 It seemed like a miracle to the tense spectators that any flotilla should survive this dash down a river of death flowing through a furnace。 But the ironclads； magnificently handled； stood up to their work unflinchingly； fired back with regulated vigor； and took their terrific pounding without one vital wound。
Porter presently relieved Farragut； who went back to New Orleans。 From this time； till after the fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson； Porter commanded three flotillas； each with a base of its own： first； a flotilla remaining north of Vicksburg for work on the Yazoo； secondly； the main body between Vicksburg and Grand Gulf； thirdly； the Red River flotilla。 This combined naval force commanded all lines of communication north； south； and west of Vicksburg； thus enabling Grant to concentrate entirely against the eastern side。
On the thirtieth of April Grant landed with twenty thousand men at Bruinsburg； on the east side of the Mississippi； about sixty miles below Vicksburg。 A week later Sherman reinforced him to thirty…three thousand。 Before the fall of Vicksburg his total strength reached seventy…five thousand。 The Confederate total also fluctuated； but not so much。 There were about sixty thousand Confederates in the whole strategic area between Vicksburg and Jackson （fifty miles east） when Grant made his first daring move； and about the same when Vicksburg surrendered。 The scene of action was almost triangular； for it lay between the three lines joining Jackson； Haynes's Bluff； Rodney； and Jackson again。 The respective lengths of these straight lines are forty； fifty； and seventy miles。 But roundabout ways by land and water multiplied these distances； and much fighting and many obstacles vastly increased Grant's difficulties。
An army； however； that had managed to reach Bruinsburg from the north and west was assuredly fit for more hard work of any kind； while a commander who had； left a safe base above Vicksburg and landed below； to live on （as well as in） an enemy country till victory should give him a new land line to the north； must； in view of the resultant triumph； be counted among the master…minds of war。 Grant's marvelous skill in massing； dividing； forwarding； and concentrating his forces over a hundred miles of intricate passages between Milliken's Bend and Bruinsburg was only excelled by his consummate genius in carrying out this daring operation； forcing his way through his enemies； into full possession of interior lines； between their great garrison of Vicksburg and their field army from Jackson。 He had to create two fronts in spite of his doubled enemy and live on that enemy's country without any land base of his own。
Grant knew the country was quite able to support his army if he could only control enough of it。 Bread； beef； and mutton would be almost unobtainable。 But chickens； turkeys； and ducks were abundant； while hard…tack would do instead of bread。 Bird…and…biscuit of course became unpopular； and after weeks of it Grant was not surprised to hear a soldier mutter 〃hard…tack〃 loudly enough for others to take up the cry。 By this time； however； he luckily knew that the bread ration was about to be resumed； and when he told the men they cheered as only men on service can men to whom battles are rare events but rations the very stuff of daily existence。 Coffee； bacon； beef； and mutton came next in popular favor when full rations were renewed。 So when the Northern land line was reopened towards the end of the siege； and friends came into camp with presents from home； they found； to their amazement； that even the tenderest spring chicken was loathsome to their boys in blue。
Grant set to work immediately on landing。 His first objective was Grand Gulf； which he wanted as a field base for further advance。 But in order to get it he had to drive away the enemy from Port Gibson； which was by no means easy； even with superior numbers； because the whole country thereabouts was so densely wooded and so intricately watered that concerted movements could only be made along the few and conspicuous roads。 On the first of May； however； the Confederates were driven off before their reinforcements could arrive。 McClernand bungled brigades and divisions out of mutual support。 But Grant personally put things right again。
By the third of May the bridge burnt by the enemy had been repaired and Grant's men were crossing to press them back on Vicksburg； so as to clear Grand Gulf。 Grant's supply train （raised by impressing every horse； mule； ox； and wheeled thing in the neighborhood） looked more like comic opera than war。 Fine private carriages； piled high with ammunition； and sometimes drawn by mules with straw collars and rope lines； went side by side with the longest plantation wagons drawn by many oxen； or with a two…wheeled cart drawn by a thoroughbred horse。
Before any more actions could be fought news came through that the Federals in Virginia had been terribly beaten by Lee； who was now expected to invade the North。 The South was triumphant； so much so； indeed； that its Government thought the war itself had now been won。 But Lincoln； Grant； and Lee knew better。
Swiftly； silently； and with a sure strategic touch； Grant marched northeast on Jackson； to make his rear secure before he turned on Vicksburg。 On the twelfth he won at Raymond and on the fourteenth at Jackson itself。 Here he turned back west again。 On the sixteenth he won the stubborn fight of Champion's Hill； on the seventeenth he won a