t it was now or never as they turned to bay with； for once； superior numbers。 As usual； too； they coveted Federal supplies。 〃Come on； boys； and charge！〃 yelled an encouraging sergeant； 〃they have cheese in their haversacks！〃 Yet the pride of the soldier stood higher than hunger。 General D。H。 Hill stooped to cheer a very badly wounded man。 〃What's your regiment？〃 asked Hill。 〃Fifth Confederate； New Orleans； and a damned good regiment it is；〃 came the ready answer。
Rosecrans； like many another man who succeeds halfway up； failed at the top。 He ordered an immediate general retreat which would have changed the hard…won Confederate victory into a Federal rout。 But Thomas； with admirable judgment and iron nerve； stood fast till he had shielded all the others clear。 From this time on both armies knew him as the 〃Rock of Chickamauga。〃
The unexpected defeat of Chickamauga roused Washington to immediate； and this time most sensible； action。 Grant was given supreme command over the whole strategic area。 Thomas superseded Rosecrans。 Sherman came down with the Army of the Tennessee。 And Hooker railed through from Virginia with two good veteran corps。 Meanwhile the Richmond Government was more foolish than the Washington was wise； for it let Davis mismanage the strategy without any reference to Lee。 Bragg also made a capital mistake by sending Longstreet off to Knoxville with more than a third of his command just before Grant's final advance。 The result was that Bragg found himself with only thirty thousand men at Chattanooga when Grant closed in with sixty thousand； and that Longstreet was useless at Knoxville； which was entirely dependent on Chattanooga。 Whoever won decisively at Chattanooga could have Knoxville too。 Davis； as the highest authority； and Bragg； as the most responsible subordinate； ensured their own defeat。
Chattanooga was the key to the whole strategic area of the upper Tennessee； for it was the best road； rail； and river junction between the lower Mississippi and the Atlantic ports of the South。 It had been held for some time by a Federal garrison which had made it fairly strong。 But toward the end of October it was short of supplies； and Hooker had to fight Longstreet at Wauhatchie in the Lookout Valley before it could be revictualed。 When Hooker； Thomas； and Sherman were there together under Grant in November it was of course perfectly safe； and the problem changed from defense to attack。 The question was how to drive Bragg from his commanding positions on Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain。 The woods and hills offered concealment to the attack in some places。 But Lookout Mountain was a splendid observation post； twenty…two hundred feet high and crested with columns of rock。 The Ridge was three miles east； the Mountain three miles south； of Cameron Hill； which stood just west of Chattanooga； commanding the bridge of boats that crossed the Tennessee。
The battle； fought with great determination on both sides； lasted three daysthe twenty…third； twenty…fourth； and twenty…fifth of November。 Sherman made the flank attack on Missionary Ridge from the north and Thomas the frontal attack from the west。 Hooker attacked the western flank of Lookout Mountain。
Thomas did the first day's fighting； which was all preliminary work； by advancing a good mile； taking the Confederate lines on the lower slopes of the Ridge； and changing their defensive features to face the Ridge instead of Chattanooga。
At two the next morning Giles Smith's brigade dropped down the Tennessee in boats and surprised the extreme north pickets placed by Bragg at the mouth of the South Chickamauga to cover the right of the Ridge。 By noon Sherman's men were over the Tennessee ready to cooperate with Thomas。 Sherman had hidden his camp among the hills on the other side so well that his movements could not be observed； even from the commanding height of Lookout Mountain。 The night surprise of Bragg's pickets and the drizzling rain of the morning prevented the Confederates from hearing or seeing anything of Sherman's attack in the early afternoon； so he found himself on the northern flank of Missionary Ridge before Bragg's main body knew what he was doing。 When the Confederates did attack it was too late； and the twenty…fourth ended with Sherman entrenched against the flank on even higher ground than Thomas held against the center。 Sherman's cavalry had meanwhile moved round the flank； on the lower level and much farther off； to cut Bragg's right rear connection with Chickamauga Station； whence the rails ran east to Cleveland； Knoxville； and Virginia。
Hooker's work this second day was to feel the Confederate force on Lookout Mountain while keeping the touch with Thomas； who kept the touch with Sherman。 Mists hid his earlier maneuvers。 He closed in successfully； handled his men to admiration； and gained more ground than either he or Grant had expected。 Having succeeded so well he changed his demonstration into a regular attack； which became known as the 〃Battle above the Clouds。〃 Step by step he fought his way up； over breastworks and rifle pits； felled trees and bowlders； through ravines and gullies； till the vanguard reached the giant palisades of rock which ramparted the top。 The roar of battle was most distinctly heard four miles away； on Orchard Knob； where Grant and Thomas were anxiously waiting。 But nothing could be seen until a sudden breeze blew the clouds aside just as the long blue lines charged home and the broken gray retreated。 Then； from thirty thousand watching Federals； went up a cheer that even cannon could not silence。
At midnight Grant sent a word of encouragement to Burnside at Knoxville。 He then wrote his orders for what he now hoped would be a completely victorious attack。 The twenty…fifth of November broke beautifully clear； and the whole scene of action remained in full view all day long。 Fearful of being cut off from their main body on Missionary Ridge the Confederates had left Lookout Mountain under cover of the dark。 But by destroying the bridges across the。 Chattanooga River； which ran through the valley between the Mountain and the Ridge； they delayed Hooker till late that afternoon； thus saving their left from an even worse disaster than the one that overtook their center and their right。
Sherman had desperate work against their right； as Bragg massed every available gun and man to meet him。 This massing； however； was just what Grant wanted； for he now expected Hooker to appear on the other flank； which Bragg would either have to give up in despair or strengthen at the expense of the center； which Thomas was ready to charge。 But with Hooker not appearing； and Sherman barely holding his own； Grant slipped Thomas from the leash。 The two centers then met hand to hand。 But there was no withstanding the Federal charge。 Back went the Confederates； turning to bay at their second line of defense。 Here again they were overborne by well…led superior numbers and soon put to flight。 Sheridan； of whom we shall hear again in '64； took up the pursuit。 Bragg lost all control of his men。 Stores； guns； and even rifles were abandoned。 Thousands of prisoners were taken； and most of the others were scattered in flight。 The battle； the whole campaign； and even the war in the Tennessee sector； were won。
Vicksburg meant that the trans…Mississippi South would thenceforth wither like a severed branch。 Chattanooga meant that the Union forces had at last laid the age to the root of the tree。
CHAPTER VIII。 GETTYSBURG： 1863
On the fifth of May we left Lee victorious in Virginia； but with his indispensable lieutenant； Stonewall Jackson； mortally wounded。
Though thoroughly defeated at Chancellorsville； Hooker soon recovered control of the Army of the Potomac and prepared to dispute Lee's right of way。 Lee faced a difficult； perhaps an insoluble； problem。 Longstreet urged him to relieve the local pressure on Vicksburg by concentrating every available man in eastern Tennessee； not only withdrawing Johnston's force from Grant's rear but also depleting the Confederates in Virginia for the same purpose。 Then； combining these armies from east and west with the one already there under Bragg； the united Confederates were to crush Rosecrans in their immediate front and make Cincinnati their great objective。 Lee； however； dared not risk the loss of his Virginian bases in the meantime； and so he decided on a vigorous counter…attack； right into Pennsylvania； hoping that； if successful； this would 。 produce a greater effect than any corresponding victory could possibly produce elsewhere。
On the ninth of June a cavalry combat round Brandy Station； in the heart of Virginia； made Hooker's staff feel certain that Lee was again going up the Valley and on to Maryland。 At one time； for want of supplies； Lee had to spread out his front along a line running eighty miles northwest from Fredericksburg to Strasburg。 Hooker； on the keen alert； implored the Government to let him attack the three Confederate corps in detail。 Success against one at least was certain。 Lincoln understood this perfectly。 But the nerves of his colleagues were again on edge； and no argument could persuade them to adopt the best of all possible schemes of defense by destroying the enemy's means of destroying them。 They insisted on the usual shield theory of passive defense； and ordered Hooker to keep between Lee and Washington whatever might happen。 This absurd maneuver was of course attended with all the usual evil results at the time。 Equally of course； it afterwards drew down the wrath of the wiseacre public on their own representatives。 But wiseacre publics never stop to think that many a government is forced to do foolish and even suicidal things in war simply because it represents the ignorance and folly； as well as the wisdom； of all who have the vote。
Yet both the loyal public and its Government had some good reasons to doubt Hooker's ability； even apart from his recent defeat； and Lincoln； wisest of allexcept in applying strategy to problems he could not fully understandfelt almost certain that Hooker's character contained at least the seeds of failure in supreme command。 〃He talks to me like a father；〃 said Hooker； on reading the letter Lincoln wrote when appointing him Burns