captains of the civil war- 第6部分

The　short　march　to　the　front　was　both　confused　and　demoralizing。　No　American　officer　had　ever　had　the　chance　even　of　seeing；　much　less　handling；　thirty…six　thousand　men　under　arms。　This　force　was　followed　by　an　immense　and　unwieldy　train　of　supplies；　manned　by　wholly　undisciplined　civilian　drivers；　while　other；　and　quite　superfluous；　civilians　clogged　every　movement　and　made　confusion　worse　confounded。　〃The　march；〃　says　Sherman；　who　commanded　a　brigade；　〃demonstrated　little　save　the　general　laxity　of　discipline；　for；　with　all　my　personal　efforts；　I　could　not　prevent　the　men　from　straggling　for　water；　blackberries；　or　anything　on　the　way　they　fancied。〃　In　the　whole　of　the　first　long　summer's　day；　the　sixteenth　of　July；　the　army　only　marched　six　miles；　and　it　took　the　better　part　of　the　seventeenth　to　herd　its　stragglers　back　again。　〃I　wished　them；　〃　says　McDowell；　〃to　go　to　Centreville　the　second　day　＇only　another　six　miles　out＇　but　the　men　were　footweary；　not　so　much　by　the　distance　marched　as　by　the　time　they　had　been　on　foot。〃　That　observant　private；　Warren　Lee　Goss；　has　told　us　how　hard　it　is　to　soldier　suddenly。　〃My　canteen　banged　against　my　bayonet；　both　tin　cup　and　bayonet　badly　interfered　with　the　butt　of　my　musket；　while　my　cartridge…box　and　haversack　were　constantly　flopping　up　and　downthe　whole　jangling　like　loose　harness　and　chains　on　a　runaway　horse。〃　The　weather　was　hot。　The　roads　were　dusty。　And　many　a　man　threw　away　parts　of　his　kit　for　which　he　suffered　later　on。　There　was　food　in　superabundance。　But；　with　that　unwieldy　and　grossly　undisciplined　supply…and…transport　service；　the　men　and　their　food　never　came　together　at　the　proper　time。

Early　on　the　eighteenth　McDowell；　whose　own　work　was　excellent　all　through；　pushed　forward　a　brigade　against　Blackburn's　Ford；　toward　the　Confederate　right；　in　order　to　distract　attention　from　the　real　objective；　which　was　to　be　the　turning　of　the　left。　The　Confederate　outposts　fell　back　beyond　the　ford。　The　Federal　brigade　followed　on；　when　suddenly　sharp　volleys　took　it　in　front　and　flank。　The　opposing　brigade；　under　Longstreet　（of　whom　we　shall　often　hear　again）；　had　lain　concealed　and　sprung　its　trap　quite　neatly。　Most　of　the　Federals　behaved　extremely　well　under　these　untoward　circumstances。　But　one　whole　battery　and　another　whole　battalion；　whose　term　of　service　expired　that　afternoon；　were　officially　reported　as　having　〃moved　to　the　rear　to　the　sound　of　the　enemy's　cannon。〃　Thereafter；　as　military　units；　they　simply　ceased　to　exist。

At　one　o'clock　in　the　morning　of　this　same　day　Johnston　received　a　telegram　at　Winchester；　from　Richmond；　warning　him　that　McDowell　was　advancing　on　Bull　Run；　with　the　evident　intention　of　seizing　Manassas　Junction；　which　would　cut　the　Confederate　rail　communication　with　the　Shenandoah　Valley　and　so　prevent　all　chance　of　immediate　concentration　at　Bull　Run。　Johnston　saw　that　the　hour　had　come。　It　could　not　have　come　before；　as　Lee　and　the　rest　had　foreseen；　because　an　earlier　concentration　at　Bull　Run　would　have　drawn　the　two　superior　Federal　forces　together　on　the　selfsame　spot。　There　was　still　some　risk　about　giving　Patterson　the　slip。　True；　his　three…month　special…constable　array　was　semi…mutinous　already；　and　its　term　of　service　had　only　a　few　more　days　to　run。　True；　also；　that　the　men　had　cause　for　grievance。　They　were　all　without　pay；　and　some　of　them　were　reported　as　being　still　〃without　pants。〃　But；　despite　such　drawbacks；　a　resolute　attack　by　Patterson's　fourteen　thousand　could　have　at　least　held　fast　Johnston's　eleven　thousand；　who　were　mostly　little　better　off　in　military　ways。　Patterson；　however；　suffered　from　distracting　orders；　and　that　was　his　undoing。　Johnston；　admirably　screened　by　Stuart；　drew　quietly　away；　leaving　his　sick　at　Winchester　and　raising　the　spirits　of　his　whole　command　by　telling　them　that　Beauregard　was　in　danger　and　that　they　were　to　〃make　a　forced　march　to　save　the　country。〃

Straining　every　nerve　they　stepped　out　gallantly　and　covered　mile　after　mile　till　they　reached　the　Shenandoah；　forded　it；　and　crossed　the　Blue　Ridge　at　Ashby's　Gap。　But　lack　of　training　and　march　discipline　told　increasingly　against　them。　〃The　discouragement　of　that　day's　march；〃　said　Johnston；　〃is　indescribable。　Frequent　and　unreasonable　delays　caused　so　slow　a　rate　of　marching　as　to　make　me　despair　of　joining　General　Beauregard　in　time　to　aid　him。〃　Even　the　First　Brigade；　with　all　the　advantages　of　leading　the　march　and　of　having　learnt　the　rudiments　of　drill　and　discipline；　was　exhausted　by　a　day's　work　that　it　could　have　romped　through　later　on。　Jackson　himself　stood　guard　alone　till　dawn　while　all　his　soldiers　slept。

As　Jackson's　men　marched　down　to　take　the　train　at　Piedmont；　Stuart　gayly　trotted　past；　having　left　Patterson　still　in　ignorance　that　Johnston's　force　had　gone。　By　four　in　the　afternoon　of　the　nineteenth　Jackson　was　detraining　at　Manassas。　But；　as　we　shall　presently　see；　it　was　nearly　two　whole　days　before　the　last　of　Johnston's　brigades　arrived；　just　in　time　for　the　crisis　of　the　battle。　When　Johnston　had　joined　Beauregard　their　united　effective　total　was　thirty　thousand　men。　There　had　been　a　wastage　of　three　thousand。　McDowell　also　had　no　more　than　thirty　thousand　effectives　present　on　the　twenty…first；　for　he　left　one　division　at　Centreville　and　lost　the　rest　by　straggling　and　by　the　way　in　which　the　battery　and　battalion　already　mentioned　had　〃claimed　their　discharge〃　at　Blackburn's　Ford。　Throughout　the　nineteenth　and　twentieth；　while；　sorely　against　his　will；　the　Federals　were　having　their　〃monster　military　picnic〃　at　Centreville；　he　was　reconnoitering　his　constantly　increasing　enemy　under　the　greatest　difficulties；　with　his　ill…trained　staff；　bad　maps；　and　lack　of　proper　guides。

Lee　had　chosen　six　miles　of　Bull　Run　as　a　good　defensive　position。　But　Beauregard　intended　to　attack；　hoping　to　profit　by　the　Federal　disjointedness。　Consequently　none　of　the　eight　fords　were　strongly　defended　except　at　Union　Mills　on　the　extreme　right　and　the　Stone　Bridge　on　the　extreme　left；　where　the　turnpike　from　Centreville　to　Warrenton　crossed　the　Run。　Bull　Run　itself　was　a　considerable　obstacle；　having　fairly　high　banks　and　running　along　the　Confederate　front　like　the　ditch　of　a　fortress。　Three　miles　in　rear　stood　Manassas　Junction　on　a　moderate　plateau　intersected　by　several　creeks。　The　most　important　of　these　creeks；　Young's　Branch；　joined　Bull　Run　on　the　extreme　left；　near　the　Stone　Bridge　and　Warrenton　turnpike；　after　flowing　through　the　little　valley　between　the　Henry　Hill　and　Matthews　Hill。　Three　miles　in　front；　across　Bull　Run；　stood　Centreville；　the　Federal　camp　and　field　base　during　the　battle。

Sunday；　July　21；　1861；　was　a　beautiful　midsummer　day。　Both　armies　were　stirring　soon　after　dawn。　But　a　miscarriage　of　orders　delayed　the　Confederate　offensive　so　much　that　the　initiative　of　attack　passed　to　the　Federals；　who　advanced　against　the　Stone　Bridge　shortly　after　six。　This　attack；　however；　though　made　by　a　whole　division　against　a　single　small　brigade；　was　immediately　recognized　as　a　mere　feint　when；　two　hours　later；　Evans；　commanding　the　Confederate　brigade；　saw　dense　clouds　of　dust　rising　above　the　woods　on　his　left　front；　where　the　road　crossed　Sudley　Springs；　nearly　two　miles　beyond　his　own　left。　Perceiving　that　this　new　development　must　be　a　regular　attempt　to　turn　the　whole　Confederate　left　by　crossing　Bull　Run；　he　sent　back　word　to　Beauregard；　posted　some　men　to　hold　the　Stone　Bridge；　and　marched　the　rest　to　crown　the　Matthews　Hill；　facing　Sudley　Springs　a　mile　away。　Meanwhile　four　of　〃Joe〃　Johnston's　five　Shenandoah　brigadesBee's；　Bartow's；　Bonham's；　and　Jackson'shad　been　coming　over　from　the　right　reserve　to　strengthen　Evans　at　the　Bridge。　As　the　great　Federal　turning　movement　developed　against　the　Confederate　left　these　brigades　followed　Evans　and　were　themselves　followed　by　other　troops；　till　the　real　battle　raged　not　along　Bull　Run　but　across　the　Matthews　Hill　and　Henry　Hill。

Forming　the　new　front　at　right　angles　to　the　old；　so　as　to　attack　and　defend　the　Confederate　left　on　the　Matthews　and　Henry　Hills；　caused　much　confusion　on　both　sides；　but　more　on　the　Federal；　as　the　Confederates　knew　the　ground　better。　By　eleven　Bee　had　reached　Evans　and　sent　word　back　to　hurry　Bartow　on。　But　the　Federals；　having　double　numbers　and　a　great　preponderance　in　guns；　soon　drove　the　Confederates　off　the　Matthews　Hill。　As　the　Confederates　recrossed　Young's　Branch　and　climbed　the　Henry　Hill　the　regular　artillery　of　the　Federals　limbered　up　smartly；　galloped　across　the　Matthews　Hill；　and　from　its　nearer　slope　plied　the　retreating　Confederates　on　the　opposite　slope　with　admirably　served　shell。　Under　this　fire　the　raw　Confederates　ran　in　confusion；　while　their　uncovered　guns　galloped　back　to　find　a　new　position。　〃Curse　them　for　deserting　the　guns；〃　snapped　Imboden；　whose　battery　came　face　to　face　with　Jackson's　brigade。　〃I'll　support　you；〃　said　Jackson；　〃unlimber　right　here。〃　At　the　same　time；　half…past　eleven；　Bee　galloped　up　on　his　foaming　charger；　saying；　〃General；　they're　beating　us　back。〃　〃Then；　Sir；〃　said　Jackson；　〃we'll　give　them　the　bayonet〃；　and　his　lips　shut　tight　as　a　vice。

Bee　then　went　back　behind　the　Henry　Hill；　where　his　broken　brigade　was　trying　to　rally；　and；　pointing　toward　the　crest　with　his　sword；　shouted　in　a　voice　of　thunder：　〃Rally　behind　the　Virginians！　Look！　There's　Jackson　standing　like　a　stone　wall！〃　From　that　one　cry　of　battle　Stonewall　Jackson　got　his　name。

While　the　rest　of　the　Shenandoahs　were　rallying；　in　rear　of　Jackson；　Beauregard　and　Johnston　came　up；　followed　by　two　batteries。　Miles　behind　them；　all　the　men　that　could　be　spared　from　the　fords　were　coming　too。　But　the　Federals　on　the　Matthews　Hill　were　still　in　more　than　double　numbers；　and　they　enjoyed　the　priceless　advantage　of　having　some　regulars　among　them。　If　the　Federal　division　at　the　Stone　Bridge　had　only　pushed　home　its　attack　at　this　favorable　moment　the　Confederates　must　have　been　defeated。　But　the　division　again　fumbled　about　to　little　purpose；　and　for　the　second　time　McDowell's　admirable　plan　was　spoilt。

It　was　now　past　noon　on　that　sweltering　midsummer　day；　and　there　was　a　welcome　lull　for　the　rallying　Confederates　while