incoln's last election。 Worst of all； they not only tried their hands at political assassination in the North but they lured many a gallant Confederate to his death by promising to rise in their might for a 〃Free Northwest〃 the moment the Southern troopers should appear。 Needless to say； not a single one of the whole bombastic band of cowards stirred a finger to help the Confederate troopers who rode to their doom on Morgan's Raid through Indiana and Ohio。 The peace party wore a copper as a badge； and so came to be known as 〃Copperheads；〃 much to the disgust of its more inflated members； who called themselves the Sons of Liberty。 The war party； with a better appreciation of how names and things should be connected； used their own descriptive 〃Copperhead〃 in its appropriate meaning of a poisonous snake in the grass behind。
The Indians would have preferred neutrality between the two kinds of inevitably dispossessing whites。 But neutrality was impossible in what was then the Far West。 Not ten thousand Indians fought for both sides put together。 On the whole they fought well as skirmishers； though they rarely withstood shell fire； even when their cover was good and their casualties small。
The ten times more numerous negroes were naturally a much more serious factor。 The North encouraged the employment of colored labor corps and even colored soldiers； especially after Emancipation。 But the vast majority of negroes； whether slave or free； either preferred or put up with their Southern masters； whom they generally served faithfully enough either in military labor corps or on the old plantations。 As the colored population of the South was three and a half millions this general fidelity was of great importance to the forces in the field。
The total population of the United States in 1861 was about thirty…one and a half millions。 Of this total twenty…two and a half belonged to the North and nine to the South。 The grand total odds were therefore five against two。 The odds against the South rise to four against one if the blacks are left out。 There were twenty…two million whites in the North against five and a half in the South。 But to reach the real fighting odds of three to one we must also eliminate the peace parties； large in the North； small in the South。 If we take a tenth off the Southern whites and a third off the Northern grand total we shall get the approximate war…party odds of three to one； for these subtractions leave fifteen millions in the North against only five in the South。
This gives the statistical key to the startling contrasts which were so often noted by foreign correspondents at the time； and which are still so puzzling in the absence of the key。 The whole normal life of the South was visibly changed by the war。 But in the North the inquiring foreigner could find； on one hand； the most steadfast loyalty and heroic sacrifice； both in the Northern armies and among their folks at home； while on the other he could find a wholly different kind of life flaunting its most shameless features in his face。 The theaters were crowded。 Profiteers abounded； taking their pleasures with ravenous greed； for the best of their blood…money would end with the war。 Everywhere there was the same fundamental difference between the patriots who carried on the war and the parasites who hindered them。 Of course the two…thirds who made up the war party were not all saints or even perfect patriots。 Nor was the other third composed exclusively of wanton sinners。 There were； for instance； the genuine settlers whom the Union Government encouraged to occupy the West； beyond the actual reach of war。 But the distinction still remains。
Though sorely hampered； the Union Government did； on the whole； succeed in turning the vast and varied resources of the North against the much smaller and less varied resources of the South。 The North held the machinery of national government； though with the loss of a good quarter of the engineers。 In agriculture of； all kinds both North and South were very strong for purposes of peace。 Each had food in superabundance。 But the trading strength of the South lay in cotton and tobacco； neither of which could be turned into money without going north or to sea。 In finance the North was overwhelmingly strong by comparison； more especially because Northern sea…power shut off the South from all its foreign markets。 In manufactures the South could not compare at all。
Northern factories alone could not supply the armies。 But finance and factories together could。 The Southern soldier looked to the battlefield and the raiding of a base for supplying many of his most pressing needs in arms； equipment； clothing； and even food for Southern transport suffered from many disabilities。 Fierce wolfish cries would mingle with the rebel yell in battle when the two sides closed。 〃You've got to leave your rations！〃〃Come out of them clothes！〃〃Take off them boots； Yank！〃〃Come on； blue bellies； we want them blankets！〃
It was the same in almost every kind of goods。 The South made next to none for herself and had to import from the North or overseas。 The North could buy silk for balloons。 The South could not。 The Southern women gave in their whole supply of silk for the big balloon that was lost during the Seven Days' Battle in the second year of the war。 The Southern soldiers never forgave what they considered the ungallant trick of the Northerners who took this many…hued balloon from a steamer stranded on a bar at low tide down near the mouth of the James。 Thus fell the last silk dress； a queer tribute to Northern seapower！ Northern seapower also cut off nearly everything the sick and wounded needed； which raised the death rate of the Southern forces far beyond the corresponding death rate in the North。 Again； preserved rations were almost unknown in the South。 But they were plentiful throughout the Northern armies： far too plentiful； indeed； for the taste of the men； who got 〃fed up〃 on the dessicated vegetables and concentrated milk which they rechristened 〃desecrated vegetables〃 and 〃consecrated milk。〃
There is the same tale to tell about transport and munitions。 Outside the Tredegar Iron Works at Richmond the only places where Southern cannon could be made were Charlotte in North Carolina； Atlanta and Macon in Georgia； and Selma in Alabama。 The North had many places； each with superior plant； besides which the oversea munition world was far more at the service of the open…ported North than of the close…blockaded South。 What sea…power meant in this respect may be estimated from the fact that out of the more than three…quarters of a million rifles bought by the North in the first fourteen months of the war all but a beggarly thirty thousand came from overseas。
Transport was done by road； rail； sea； and inland waters。 Other things being equal； a hundred tons could be moved by water as easily as ten by rail or one by road。 Now； the North not only enjoyed enormous advantages in sea…power； both mercantile and naval； but in road； rail； canal； and river transport too。 The road transport that affected both sides most was chiefly in the South； because most maneuvering took place there。 〃Have you been through Virginia？Yes； in several places〃 is a witticism that might be applied to many another State where muddy sloughs abounded。 In horses； mules； and vehicles the richer North wore out the poorer and blockaded South。 Both sides sent troops； munitions； and supplies by rail whenever they could； and here； as a glance at the map will show； the North greatly surpassed the South in mileage； strategic disposition； and every other way。
The South had only one through line from the Atlantic to the Mississippi； and this ran across that Northern salient which threatened the South from the southwestern Alleghanies。 The other rails all had the strategic defect of not being convenient for rapid concentration by land； for most of the Southern rails were laid with a view to getting surplus cotton and tobacco overseas。 The strategic gap at Petersburg was due to a very different cause； for there； in order to keep its local transfers； the town refused to let the most important Virginian lines connect。
Taking sea…power in its fullest sense； to include all naval and mercantile parts on both salt and fresh water； we can quite understand how it helped the nautical North to get the strangle…hold on the landsman's South。 The great bulk of the whole external trade of the South was done by shipping。 But； though the South was strong in exportable goods； it was very weak in ships。 It owned comparatively few of the vessels that carried its rice； cotton； and tobacco crops to market and brought back made goods in return。 Yankees； Britishers； and Bluenoses （as Nova Scotian craft were called） did most of the oversea transportation。
Moreover； the North was vastly stronger than the South on all the inland waters that were not 〃Secesh〃 from end to end。 The map shows how Northern sea…power could not only divide the South in two but almost enisle the eastern part as well。 Holding the Mississippi would effect the division； while holding the Ohio would make the eastern part a peninsula； with the upper end of the isthmus safe in Northern hands between Pittsburgh； the great coal and iron inland port； and Philadelphia； the great seaport； less than three hundred miles away。 The same isthmus narrows to less than two hundred miles between Pittsburgh and Harrisburg （on the Susquehanna River）； and its whole line is almost equally safe in Northern hands。 A little farther south； along the disputed borderlands； it narrows to less than one hundred miles； 。 from Pittsburgh to Cumberland （on the Potomac canal）。 Even this is not the narrowest part of the isthmus； which is less than seventy miles across from Cumberland to Brownsville （on the Monongahela） and less than fifty from Cumberland to the Ohiopyle Falls （on the Youghiogheny）。 These last distances are measured between places that are only fit for minor navigation。 But even small craft had an enormous advantage over road and rail together when bulky stores were moved。 So Northern sea…power could make its controlling influence felt in one continuous line all round the eastern South； except for fifty miles where small craft were concern