frizzled mop which is the Papuans' pride and glory。 The face is adorned with a beard of the same frizzly nature as the hair of the head。 The arms； legs； and breast are also more or less clothed with hair of a similar nature。
In stature the Papuan decidedly surpasses the Malay； and is perhaps equal； or even superior； to the average of Europeans。 The legs are long and thin； and the hands and feet larger than in the Malays。 The face is somewhat elongated； the forehead flatfish； the brows very prominent； the nose is large； rather arched and high； the base thick； the nostrils broad； with the aperture hidden； owing to the tip of the nose being elongated； the mouth is large； the lips thick and protuberant。 The face has thus an altogether more European aspect than in the Malay； owing to the large nose； and the peculiar form of this organ； with the more prominent brows and the character of the hair on the head； face； and body； enable us at a glance to distinguish the two races。 I have observed that most of these characteristic features are as distinctly visible in children of ten or twelve years old as in adults； and the peculiar form of the nose is always shown in the figures which they carve for ornaments to their houses； or as charms to wear round their necks。
The moral characteristics of the Papuan appear to me to separate him as distinctly from the Malay as do his form and features。 He is impulsive and demonstrative in speech and action。 His emotions and passions express themselves in shouts and laughter； in yells and frantic leapings。 Women and children take their share in every discussion； and seem little alarmed at the sight of strangers and Europeans。
Of the intellect of this race it is very difficult to judge； but I am inclined to rate it somewhat higher than that of the Malays； notwithstanding the fact that the Papuans have never yet made any advance towards civilization。 It must be remembered； however； that for centuries the Malays have been influenced by Hindoo； Chinese； and Arabic immigration； whereas the Papuan race has only been subjected to the very partial and local influence of Malay traders。 The Papuan has much more vital energy； which would certainly greatly assist his intellectual development。 Papuan slaves show no inferiority of intellect。 compared with Malays； but rather the contrary； and in the Moluccas they are often promoted to places of considerable trust。 The Papuan has a greater feeling for art than the Malay。 He decorates his canoe； his house； and almost every domestic utensil with elaborate carving； a habit which is rarely found among tribes of the Malay race。
In the affections and moral sentiments； on the other hand； the Papuans seem very deficient。 In the treatment of their children they are often violent and cruel； whereas the Malays are almost invariably kind and gentle； hardly ever interfering at all with their children's pursuits and amusements； and giving them perfect liberty at whatever age they wish to claim it。 But these very peaceful relations between parents and children are no doubt； in a great measure； due to the listless and apathetic character of the race； which never leads the younger members into serious opposition to the elders； while the harsher discipline of the Papuans may be chiefly due to that greater vigour and energy of mind which always； sooner or later； leads to the rebellion of the weaker against the stronger；the people against their rulers； the slave against his master； or the child against its parent。
It appears； therefore； that； whether we consider their physical conformation； their moral characteristics； or their intellectual capacities； the Malay and Papuan races offer remarkable differences and striking contrasts。 The Malay is of short stature； brown…skinned； straight…haired； beardless； and smooth… bodied。 The Papuan is taller； is black…skinned； frizzly…haired； bearded； and hairy…bodied。 The former is broad…faced； has a small nose； and flat eyebrows； the latter is long…faced； has a large and prominent nose； and projecting eyebrows。 The Malay is bashful； cold； undemonstrative； and quiet； the Papuan is bold； impetuous； excitable； and noisy。 The former is grave and seldom laughs； the latter is joyous arid laughter…loving；the one conceals his emotions； the other displays them。
Having thus described in some detail； the great physical； intellectual； and moral differences between the Malays and Papuans； we have to consider the inhabitants of the numerous islands which do not agree very closely with either of these races。 The islands of Obi； Batchian； and the three southern peninsulas of Gilolo； possess no true indigenous population； but the northern peninsula is inhabited by a native race； the so… called Alfuros of Sahoe and Galela。 These people are quite distinct from the Malays； and almost equally so from the Papuans。 They are tall and well…made； with Papuan features； and curly hair； they are bearded and hairy…limbed； but quite as light in colour as the Malays。 They are an industrious and enterprising race； cultivating rice and vegetables； and indefatigable in their search after game； fish； tripang； pearls； and tortoiseshell。
In the great island of Ceram there is also an indigenous race very similar to that of Northern Gilolo。 Bourn seems to contain two distinct races；a shorter； round…faced people； with a Malay physiognomy； who may probably have come from Celebes by way of the Sula islands； and a taller bearded race； resembling that of Ceram。
Far south of the Moluccas lies the island of Timor； inhabited by tribes much nearer to the true Papuan than those of the Moluccas。
The Timorese of the interior are dusky brown or blackish； with bushy frizzled hair； and the long Papuan nose。 They are of medium height； and rather slender figures。 The universal dress is a long cloth twisted round the waist； the fringed ends of which hang below the knee。 The people are said to be great thieves； and the tribes are always at war with each other； but they are not very courageous or bloodthirsty。 The custom of 〃tabu；〃 called here 〃pomali；〃 is very general； fruit trees； houses； crop； and property of all kinds being protected from depredation by this ceremony； the reverence for which is very great。 A palm branch stuck across an open door； showing that the house is tabooed； is a more effectual guard against robbery than any amount of locks and bars。 The houses in Timor are different from those of most of the other islands； they seem all roof； the thatch overhanging the low walls and reaching the ground； except where it is cut away for an entrance。 In some parts of the west end of Timor； and on the little island of Semau； the houses more resemble those of the Hottentots； being egg…shaped； very small； and with a door only about three feet high。 These are built on the ground； while those of the eastern districts art； raised a few feet on posts。 In their excitable disposition； loud voices； and fearless demeanour； the Timorese closely resemble the people of New Guinea。
In the islands west of Timor； as far as Flores and Sandalwood Island； a very similar race is found； which also extends eastward to Timor…laut； where the true Papuan race begins to appear。 The small islands of Savu and Rotti； however； to the west of Timor； are very remarkable in possessing a different and； in some respects； peculiar race。 These people are very handsome； with good features； resembling in many characteristics the race produced by the mixture of the Hindoo or Arab with the Malay。 They are certainly distinct from the Timorese or Papuan races； and must be classed in the western rather than the eastern ethnological division of the Archipelago。
The whole of the great island of New Guinea； the Ke arid Aru Islands； with Mysol； Salwatty； and Waigiou； are inhabited almost exclusively by the typical Papuans。 I found no trace of any other tribes inhabiting the interior of New Guinea； but the coast people are in some places mixed with the browner races of the Moluccas。 The same Papuan race seems to extend over the islands east of New Guinea as far as the Fijis。
There remain to be noticed the black woolly…haired races of the Philippines and the Malay peninsula； the former called 〃Negritos；〃 and the latter 〃Semangs。〃 I have never seen these people myself； but from the numerous accurate descriptions of them that have been published； I have had no difficulty in satisfying myself that they have little affinity or resemblance to the Papuans； with which they have been hitherto associated。 In most important characters they differ more from the Papuan than they do from the Malay。 They are dwarfs in stature； only averaging four feet six inches to four feet eight inches high； or eight inches less than the Malays； whereas the Papuans are decidedly taller than the …Malays。 The nose is invariably represented as small； flattened； or turned up at the apex； whereas the most universal character of the Papuan race is to have the nose prominent and large； with the apex produced downwards； as it is invariably represented in their own rude idols。 The hair of these dwarfish races agrees with that of the Papuans； but so it does with that of the negroes of Africa。 The Negritos and the Semangs agree very closely in physical characteristics with each other and with the Andaman Islanders； while they differ in a marked manner from every Papuan race。
A careful study of these varied races； comparing them with those of Eastern Asia； the Pacific Islands； and Australia； has led me to adopt a comparatively simple view as to their origin and affinities。
If we draw a line （see Physical Map； Vol。 1。 p。 14）； commencing to the east of the Philippine Islands； thence along the western coast of Gilolo； through the island of Bouru； and curving round the west end of Mores； then bending back by Sandalwood Island to take in Rotti； we shall divide the Archipelago into two portions； the races of which have strongly marked distinctive peculiarities。 This line will separate the Malayan and all the Asiatic races； from the Papuans and all that inhabit the Pacific； and though along the line of junction intermigration and commixture have taken place； yet the division is on the whole almost as well defined and strongly contrasted； as is the corresponding zoologica