part05+- 第81部分

police　measures　taken　against　Armenian；　Finnish；　New　Turkish；　and



other　orators　who　have　wished　to　come　here　and　make　the



conference　and　the　city　a　bear…garden　；　have　led　both　the　extreme



partiesthat　is；　the　solid　Roman　Catholic　party　on　one　side；　and



the　pretended　votaries　of　liberty　on　the　otherto　hate　the



ministry　equally。　He　thinks　that　they　will　join　hands　and　oust



the　ministry　just　as　soon　as　the　conference　is　over。







Some　allowance　is　to　be　made　for　the　fact　that　Sir　Henry　is　a



Roman　Catholic：　while　generally　liberal；　he　evidently　looks　at



many　questions　from　the　point　of　view　of　his　church。＇9＇











＇9＇　As　it　turned　out；　he　was　right：　the　ministry　was　ousted；　but



not　so　soon　as　he　expected；　for　the　catastrophe　did　not　arrive



until　about　two　years　later。　Then　came　in　a　coalition　of　high



Calvinists　and　Roman　Catholics　which　brought　in　the　Kuyper



ministry。











July　24。







For　some　daysin　fact；　ever　since　Captain　Mahan　on　the　22d



called　attention　to　article　27　of　the　arbitration　convention　as



likely　to　be　considered　an　infringement　of　the　Monroe



Doctrineour　American　delegation　has　been　greatly　perplexed。　We



have　been　trying　to　induce　the　French；　who　proposed　article　27；



and　who　are　as　much　attached　to　it　as　is　a　hen　to　her　one　chick；



to　give　it　up；　or；　at　least；　to　allow　a　limiting　or　explanatory



clause　to　be　placed　with　it。　Various　clauses　of　this　sort　have



been　proposed。　The　article　itself　makes　it　the　duty　of　the　other



signatory　powers；　when　any　two　nations　are　evidently　drifting



toward　war；　to　remind　these　two　nations　that　the　arbitration



tribunal　is　open　to　them。　Nothing　can　be　more　simple　and　natural；



but　we　fear　lest；　when　the　convention　comes　up　for　ratification



in　the　United　States　Senate；　some　over…sensitive　patriot　may　seek



to　defeat　it　by　insisting　that　it　is　really　a　violation　of



time…honored　American　policy　at　home　and　abroadthe　policy　of



not　entangling　ourselves　in　the　affairs　of　foreign　nations；　on



one　side；　and　of　not　allowing　them　to　interfere　in　our　affairs；



on　the　other。







At　twelve　this　day　our　delegation　gave　a　large　luncheon　at　the



Oude　Doelenamong　those　present　being　Ambassadors　De　Staal；



Count　Nigra；　and　Sir　Julian　Pauncefote；　Bourgeois；　Karnebeek；



Basily；　Baron　d'Estournelles；　Baron　de　Bildt；　and　othersto



discuss　means　of　getting　out　of　the　above…mentioned　difficulty。　A



most　earnest　effort　was　made　to　induce　the　French　to　allow　some



such　modification　as　has　been　put　into　other　articlesnamely；



the　words；　〃autant　que　possible；〃　or　some　limiting　clause　to　the



same　effect；　but　neither　Bourgeois　nor　D'Estournelles；



representing　France；　would　think　of　it　for　a　moment。　Bourgeois；



as　the　head　of　the　French　delegation；　spoke　again　and　again；　at



great　length。　Among　other　things；　he　gave　us　a　very　long



disquisition　on　the　meaning　of　〃devoir〃　as　it　stands　in　the



articlea　disquisition　which　showed　that　the　Jesuits　are　not　the



only　skilful　casuists　in　the　world。







I　then　presented　my　project　of　a　declaration　of　the　American



doctrine　to　be　made　by　us　on　signing。　It　had　been　scratched　off



with　a　pencil　in　the　morning；　hastily；　but　it　was　well　received



by　Bourgeois；　D'Estournelles；　and　all　the　others。







Later　we　held　a　meeting　of　our　own　delegation；　when；　to　my



project　of　a　declaration　stating　that　nothing　contained　in　any



part　of　the　convention　signed　here　should　be　considered　as



requiring　us　to　intrude；　mingle；　or　entangle　ourselves　in



European　politics　or　internal　affairs；　Low　made　an　excellent



addition　to　the　effect　that　nothing　should　be　considered　to



require　any　abandonment　of　the　traditional　attitude　of　the　United



States　toward　questions　purely　American；　and；　with　slight　verbal



changes；　this　combination　was　adopted。











July　25。







All　night　long　I　have　been　tossing　about　in　my　bed　and　thinking



of　our　declaration　of　the　Monroe　Doctrine　to　be　brought　before



the　conference　to…day。　We　all　fear　that　the　conference　will　not



receive　it；　or　will　insist　on　our　signing　without　it　or　not



signing　at　all。







On　my　way　to　The　Hague　from　Scheveningen　I　met　M。　Descamps；　the



eminent　professor　of　international　law　in　the　University　of



Louvain；　and　the　leading　delegate　in　the　conference　as　regards



intricate　legal　questions　connected　with　the　arbitration　plan。　He



thought　that　our　best　way　out　of　the　difficulty　was　absolutely　to



insist　on　a　clause　limiting　the　devoir　imposed　by　article　27；　and



to　force　it　to　a　vote。　He　declared　that；　in　spite　of　the　French；



it　would　certainly　be　carried。　This　I　doubt。　M。　Descamps　knows；



perhaps；　more　of　international　law　than　of　the　temper　of　his



associates。







In　the　afternoon　to　the　〃House　in　the　Wood；〃　where　the　〃Final



Act〃　was　read。　This　is　a　statement　of　what　has　been　done；　summed



up　in　the　form　of　three　conventions；　with　sundry　declarations；



voeux；　etc。　We　had　taken　pains　to　see　a　number　of　the　leading



delegates；　and　all；　in　their　anxiety　to　save　the　main　features　of



the　arbitration　plan；　agreed　that　they　would　not　oppose　our



declaration。　It　was　therefore　placed　in　the　hands　of



Raffalovitch；　the　Russian　secretary；　who　stood　close　beside　the



president；　and　as　soon　as　the　〃Final　Act〃　had　been　recited　he



read　this　declaration　of　ours。　This　was　then　brought　before　the



conference　in　plenary　session　by　M。　de　Staal；　and　the　conference



was　asked　whether　any　one　bad　any　objection；　or　anything　to　say



regarding　it。　There　was　a　pause　of　about　a　minute；　which　seemed



to　me　about　an　hour。　Not　a　word　was　said；in　fact；　there　was



dead　silence；and　so　our　declaration　embodying　a　reservation　in



favor　of　the　Monroe　Doctrine　was　duly　recorded　and　became　part　of



the　proceedings。







Rarely　in　my　life　have　I　had　such　a　feeling　of　deep　relief；　for；



during　some　days　past；　it　has　looked　as　if　the　arbitration



project；　so　far　as　the　United　States　is　concerned；　would　be



wrecked　on　that　wretched　little　article　27。







I　had　before　me　notes　of　a　speech　carefully　prepared；　stating　our



reasons　and　replying　to　objections；　to　be　used　in　case　we　were



attacked；　but　it　was　not　needed。　In　the　evening　I　was　asked　by



Mr。　Lavino；　the　correspondent　of　the　London　〃Times；〃　to　put　the



gist　of　it　into　an　〃interview〃　for　the　great　newspaper　which　he



serves；　and　to　this　I　consented；　for；　during　the　proceedings　this



afternoon　in　the　conference；　Sir　Julian　Pauncefote　showed　great



uneasiness。　He　was　very　anxious　that　we　should　withdraw　the



declaration　altogether；　and　said；　〃It　will　be　charged　against　you



that　you　propose　to　evade　your　duties　while　using　the　treaty　to



promote　your　interests〃；　but　I　held　firm　and　pressed　the　matter；



with　the　result　above　stated。　I　feared　that　he　would　object　in



open　conference；　but　his　loyalty　to　arbitration　evidently



deterred　him。　However；　he　returned　to　the　charge　privately；　and　I



then　promised　to　make　a　public　statement　of　our　reasons　for　the



declaration；　and　this　seemed　to　ease　his　mind。　The　result　was　a



recasting　of　my　proposed　speech；　and　this　Mr。　Lavino　threw　into



the　form　of　a　long　telegram　to　the　〃Times。〃











July　26。







At　ten　to　a　meeting　of　our　American　delegation；　when　another



bombshell　was　thrown　among　usnothing　less　than　the　question



whether　the　Pope　is　to　be　allowed　to　become　one　of　the　signatory



powers；　and　this　question　has　now　taken　a　very　acute　form。　Italy



is；　of　course；　utterly　opposed　to　it；　and　Great　Britain　will　not



sign　if　any　besides　those　agreed　upon　by　the　signatory　powers　are



allowed　to　come　in　hereafter；　her　motive　being；　no　doubt；　to



avoid　trouble　in　regard　to　the　Transvaal。







Mr。　Low　stated　that　in　the　great　committee　the　prevailing　opinion



seemed　to　be　that　the　signatory　powers　had　made　a　sort　of



partnership；　and　that　no　new　partners　could　be　added　without　the



consent　of　all。　This　is　the　natural　ground；　and　entirely　tenable。







I　would　have　been　glad　to　add　the　additional　requirement　that　no



power　should　be　admitted　which　would　not　make　arbitration



reciprocalthat　is；　no　power　which；　while　aiding　to　arbitrate



for　others；　would　not　accept　arbitration　between　itself　and



another　power。　This　would；　of　course；　exclude　the　Vatican；　for；



while　it　desires　to　judge　others；　it　will　allow　no　interests　of



its　own；　not　even　the　most　worldly　and　trivial；　to　be　submitted



to　any　earthly　tribunal。







The　question　now　came　up　in　our　American　delegation　as　to　signing



the　three　conventions　in　the　Acte　Finalnamely；　those　relating



to　arbitration；　to　the　extension　of　the　Geneva　rules；　and　to　the



laws　and　customs　of　war。　We　voted　to　sign　the　first；　to　send　the



second　to　Washington　without　recommendation；　and　to　send　the



third　with　a　recommendation　that　it　be　there　signed。　The　reason



for　sending　the　second　to　Washington　without　recommendation　is



that　Captain　Mahan　feels　that；　in　its　present　condition；　it　may



bring　on　worse　evils　than　it　prevents。　He　especially　and；　I



think；　justly　objects　to　allowing　neutral　hospital　ships　to　take



on　board　the　wounded　and　shipwrecked　in　a　naval　action；　with



power　to　throw　around　them　the　safeguards　of　neutrality　and　carry



them　off　to　a　neutral　port　whence　they　can　again　regain　their　own



homes　and　resume　their　status　as　combatants。







The　reason　for　submitting　the　third　to　Washington；　with　a



recommend