compressed scaly crest of feathers； resembling in form that of the well…known Cock…of…the… rock of South America。 The only ally to this bird is found in Ceram； and has the feathers of the crest elongated upwards into quite a different form。
A still more curious bird is the Scissirostrum pagei； which although it is at present classed in the Starling family； differs from all other species in the form of the bill and nostrils； and seems most nearly allied in its general structure to the Ox… peckers （Buphaga） of tropical Africa； next to which the celebrated ornithologist Prince Bonaparte finally placed it。 It is almost entirely of a slatey colour； with yellow bill and feet； but the feathers of the rump and upper tail…coverts each terminate in a rigid； glossy pencil or tuft of a vivid crimson。 These pretty little birds take the place of the metallic…green starlings of the genus Calornis； which are found in most other islands of the Archipelago； but which are absent from Celebes。 They go in flocks； feeding upon grain and fruits； often frequenting dead trees； in holes of which they build their nests； and they cling to the trunks as easily as woodpeckers or creepers。
Out of eighteen Pigeons found in Celebes； eleven are peculiar to it。 Two of them； Ptilonopus gularis and Turacaena menadensis； have their nearest allies in Timor。 Two others； Carpophaga forsteni and Phlaegenas tristigmata； most resemble Philippine island species； and Carpophaga radiata belongs to a New Guinea group。 Lastly； in the Gallinaceous tribe； the curious helmeted Maleo （Megacephalon rubripes） is quite isolated； having its nearest （but still distant） allies in the Brush…turkeys of Australia and New Guinea。
Judging； therefore； by the opinions of the eminent naturalists who have described and classified its birds； we find that many of the species have no near allies whatsoever in the countries which surround Celebes； but are either quite isolated； or indicate relations with such distant regions as New Guinea； Australia； India； or Africa。 Other cases of similar remote affinities between the productions of distant countries no doubt exist； but in no spot upon the globe that I am yet acquainted with； do so many of them occur together； or do they form so decided a feature in the natural history of the country。
The Mammalia of Celebes are very few in number； consisting of fourteen terrestrial species and seven bats。 Of the former no less than eleven are peculiar； including two which there is reason to believe may have been recently carried into other islands by man。 Three species which have a tolerably wide range in the Archipelago； are： （1） The curious Lemur； Tarsius spectrum； which is found in all the islands as far westward as Malacca； （2） the common Malay Civet； Viverra tangalunga； which has a still wider range； and （3） a Deer； which seems to be the same as the Rusa hippelaphus of Java； and was probably introduced by man at an early period。
The more characteristic species are as follow：
Cynopithecus nigrescens； a curious baboon…like monkey if not a true baboon； which abounds all over Celebes； and is found nowhere else but in the one small island of Batchian； into which it has probably been introduced accidentally。 An allied species is found in the Philippines； but in no other island of the Archipelago is there anything resembling them。 These creatures are about the size of a spaniel； of a jet…black colour； and have the projecting dog…like muzzle and overhanging brows of the baboons。 They have large red callosities and a short fleshy tail； scarcely an inch long and hardly visible。 They go in large bands； living chiefly in the trees； but often descending on the ground and robbing gardens and orchards。
Anoa depressicornis； the Sapi…utan； or wild cow of the Malays； is an animal which has been the cause of much controversy； as to whether it should be classed as ox； buffalo； or antelope。 It is smaller than any other wild cattle； and in many respects seems to approach some of the ox…like antelopes of Africa。 It is found only in the mountains； and is said never to inhabit places where there are deer。 It is somewhat smaller than a small Highland cow； and has long straight horns； which are ringed at the base and slope backwards over the neck。
The wild pig seems to be of a species peculiar to the island； but a much more curious animal of this family is the Babirusa or Pig… deer； so named by the Malays from its long and slender legs； and curved tusks resembling horns。 This extraordinary creature resembles a pig in general appearance； but it does not dig with its snout； as it feeds on fallen fruits。 The tusks of the lower jaw are very long and sharp； but the upper ones instead of growing downwards in the usual way are completely reversed； growing upwards out of bony sockets through the skin on each side of the snout； curving backwards to near the eyes； and in old animals often reaching eight or ten inches in length。 It is difficult to understand what can be the use of these extraordinary horn…like teeth。 Some of the old writers supposed that they served as hooks； by which the creature could rest its head on a branch。 But the way in which they usually diverge just over and in front of the eye has suggested the more probable idea； that they serve to guard these organs from thorns and spines； while hunting for fallen fruits among the tangled thickets of rattans and other spiny plants。 Even this； however； is not satisfactory； for the female； who must seek her food in the same way； does not possess them。 I should be inclined to believe rather； that these tusks were once useful； and were then worn down as fast as they grew； but that changed conditions of life have rendered them unnecessary； and they now develop into a monstrous form； just as the incisors of the Beaver or Rabbit will go on growing； if the opposite teeth do not wear them away。 In old animals they reach an enormous size； and are generally broken off as if by fighting。
Here again we have a resemblance to the Wart…hogs of Africa； whose upper canines grow outwards and curve up so as to form a transition from the usual mode of growth to that of the Babirusa。 In other respects there seems no affinity between these animals； and the Babirusa stands completely isolated； having no resemblance to the pigs of any other part of the world。 It is found all over Celebes and in the Sula islands； and also in Bourn； the only spot beyond the Celebes group to which it extends； and which island also shows some affinity to the Sula islands in its birds； indicating perhaps； a closer connection between them at some former period than now exists。
The other terrestrial mammals of Celebes are five species of squirrels； which are all distinct from those of Java and Borneo； and mark the furthest eastward range of the genus in the tropics； and two of Eastern opossums （Cuscus）； which are different from those of the Moluccas； and mark the furthest westward extension of this genus and of the Marsupial order。 Thus we see that the Mammalia of Celebes are no less individual and remarkable than the birds； since three of the largest and most interesting species have no near allies in surrounding countries； but seem vaguely to indicate a relation to the African continent。
Many groups of insects appear to be especially subject to local influences； their forms and colours changing with each change of conditions； or even with a change of locality where the conditions seem almost identical。 We should therefore anticipate that the individuality manifested in the higher animals would be still more prominent in these creatures with less stable organisms。 On the other hand； however； we have to consider that the dispersion and migration of insects is much more easily effected than that of mammals or even of birds。 They are much more likely to be carried away by violent winds； their eggs may be carried on leaves either by storms of wind or by floating trees； and their larvae and pupae； often buried in trunks of trees or enclosed in waterproof cocoons； may be floated for days or weeks uninjured over the ocean。 These facilities of distribution tend to assimilate the productions of adjacent lands in two ways： first； by direct mutual interchange of species； and secondly； by repeated immigrations of fresh individuals of a species common to other islands； which by intercrossing； tend to obliterate the changes of form and colour； which differences of conditions might otherwise produce。 Bearing these facts in mind； we shall find that the individuality of the insects of Celebes is even greater than we have any reason to expect。
For the purpose of insuring accuracy in comparisons with other islands； I shall confine myself to those groups which are best known； or which I have myself carefully studied。 Beginning with the Papilionidae or Swallow…tailed butterflies； Celebes possesses 24 species； of which the large number of 18 are not found in any other island。 If we compare this with Borneo； which out of 29 species has only two not found elsewhere； the difference is as striking as anything can be。 In the family of the Pieridae； or white butterflies； the difference is not quite so great； owing perhaps to the more wandering habits of the group； but it is still very remarkable。 Out of 30 species inhabiting Celebes； 19 are peculiar； while Java （from which more species are known than from Sumatra or Borneo）； out of 37 species； has only 13 peculiar。 The Danaidae are large； but weak…flying butterflies； which frequent forests and gardens； and are plainly but often very richly coloured。 Of these my own collection contains 16 species from Celebes and 15 from Borneo； but whereas no less than 14 are confined to the former island； only two are peculiar to the latter。 The Nymphalidae are a very extensive group； of generally strong…winged and very bright…coloured butterflies； very abundant in the tropics； and represented in our own country by our Fritillaries； our Vanessas； and our Purple…emperor。 Some months ago I drew up a list of the Eastern species of this group； including all the new ones discovered by myself； and arrived at the following comparative results：
Species of Species peculiar to Percentage Nymphalidae。 each island。 of peculiar