of the mainland toward the north； where they were engaged in making ready for extended inland explorations； he had a talk with Fray Marcos。 'And I gave him；' says Cortez； 'an account of this said country； and of its discovery； because I had determined to send him in my ships to follow up the said northern coast and conquer that country； because he seemed to understand something about matters of navigation。 The said friar communicated this to the said viceroy； and he says that； with his permission； he went by land in search of the same coast and country as that which I had discovered； and which it was and is my right to conquer。 And since his return； the said friar has published the statement that he came within sight of the said country； which I deny that he has either seen or discovered； but instead； in all that the said friar reports that he has seen； he only repeats the account I had given him regarding the information which I obtained from the Indians of the said country of Santa Cruz； because anything which the said friar says that he discovers is just the same as what these said Indians had told me； and in enlarging upon this and in pretending to report what he neither saw nor learned； the said Friar Marcos does nothing new； because he has done this many other times； and this was his regular habit； as is notorious in the provinces of Peru and Guatemala； and sufficient evidence regarding this will be given to the court whenever it is necessary。'〃
Marcos an Exaggerator。 Cortez never made any attempt to confirm his statements； and it is well known that he himself was very reckless in his handling of the truth where his own purposes were to be served； or the plans of his enemies defeated。 It seems a pretty clear matter that； while the friar told the truth as nearly as possible as to what he actually saw； he did not hesitate to let the more exaggerated statements of the things he had merely heard have as full weight as the people to whom he told them desired。 Anyhow； he has suffered a great deal of abuse as an exaggerator； and even worse； though it must never be forgotten that people who fail are always ready to blame every one concerned except themselves。 Bandelier warmly defends Fray Marcos； and his knowledge is confessedly great； but Winship thinks he treats the charge too lightly。
Poor Fray Marcos； afflicted with rheumatism； had a painful time during the remainder of his life； and finally died March 25； 1558； in the house of his order； in the City of Mexico。 Religious Zeal of Garces。 It is appropriate also that Fray Francisco Garces should find an honored place in these necessarily brief historical notices。 Fired with a wonderful zeal for souls； without the urging or backing of any superior save the Spirit of God； which spoke to his own soul； he marched from San Xavier del Bac； his station in Northern Mexico （now Arizona）； across these inhospitable wilds； merely seeking opportunities for the establishment of mission settlements； where the natives could learn of the way of Christ； salvation from sin； and heaven。 Five times he left his mission and made entradas （as they are called） into the interior country； anxious to expand his work and his influence。 On the third of these； he followed the course of the Gila down to the Colorado River； and descended along its banks； possibly as far as its mouth。 His fourth journey was with the intrepid Captain Juan Bautista de Anza； when he set forth in 1774。 to discover a road from the missions already established in Northern Mexico； over the then unknown Arizona and Colorado deserts； to the new missions of California。 The road was discovered and； in spite of its hardships； deemed feasible； for in 1775…1776 De Anza went over it again； accompanied by the band he had gathered together for the establishment of a Spanish colony at San Francisco。 His chaplain on this occasion was Padre Pedro Font。 Fray Garces； a fellow Franciscan； also went along as far as the Colorado River。 Here he left the party； journeyed down the Colorado to the Gulf； returned to the Mohaves； then crossed the Colorado Desert to San Gabriel Mission in California； back again to the Mohaves； and finally across the Arizona desert to the province of Tusayan； the land of the Hopis。
Havasupais Guide Garces to the Hopi Towns。 It was on June 4； 1776memorable year in American annalsthat Garces started under the guidance of some Wallapais for the Hopi towns。 They had given him fair details of the country he would have to travel over。 Passing by their own home in Diamond Creek （one of the earliest approaches to the Grand Canyon）； he decided to visit the Havasupais； whom he calls Yabesuas。 Those familiar with Spanish spelling and pronunciation will readily recognize that they are almost one and the same。 The Wallapais took the priest down their own trail into Havasu or Cataract Canyon；a trail which made his head swim； and where his mule had to be left behind； to be brought to him later by another route。 He also describes the ladder down which he climbed just before reaching the place where the innumerable springs flow out of the solid rock and form Havasu Creek。 It was the same ladder descended eighty years later by Egloffstein； Lieutenant Ives's artist； who was so heavy that he took down ladder and all with him。 Here Garces stayed five days； being hospitably treated by the natives； who brought him melons； squash； corn； beans； etc。； and who had thriving trees of peaches and apricots。
The Grand Canyon Is Reached。 Leaving the kindhearted Havasupais； he returned to the plateau above； and soon saw for the first time the deep gorge of the Colorado River itself；the Grand Canyon。 He describes with surprising accuracy of detail the break in the Kaibabs； where the Marble and Little Colorado Canyons unite and form the Grand Canyon； and then； a little later； he gives a true description of the Little Colorado Canyon。 From his account； he doubtless went down by the old Hopi Salt Trail into the gorge of the Little Colorado； and thus on to Oraibi； which he reached July 2； 1776。
Wishes to Baptize the Indians。 About this time those interesting； exciting and most important of all discussions were raging in the Continental Congress on the eastern side of the continent； which； two days later； were to result in the signing of the Declaration of Independence。 Jefferson had undoubtedly written it at this time； but Garces knew not the name of the great patriot and his compeers。 He was bent on a different mission。 He wished to declare to the Hopis how they might have freedom；freedom from sin and the fear of hell。 For； as Elliott Coues （the scholarly translator of Garces's diary； published a few years ago by F。 P。 Harper of New York） expresses it： 〃It made him sick at heart to see so many natives going to hell for lack of the three drops of water he would sprinkle over them if only they would let him do it。〃
Garces Reaches Oraibi。 His arrival at Oraibi caused great excitement； though a priest had been at work there as early as 1650。 There were four priests laboring among the Hopis in 1680； when the great native uprising throughout New Mexico and Arizona occurred； and all of them； with many others （laymen and soldiers as well） were slain at that time。 Then； too； the remembrance had not died away of the total destruction of the town of Awatobi （one of the Hopi towns of that day） in the year 1700； because the people of that place were hospitable and tolerant of the 〃long gowns。〃 The medicine men and leaders of all the adjacent towns gathered together； and led a force which fell upon Awatobi in the dead of the night。 Every male in it was slain； and only some of the women and girls were saved and taken to the other towns。 The place was fired； and remained a neglected ruin； until the scholarship and labors of recent ethnologists dug up both the town and its tragic history。
Indians Are Hostile。 Poor Garces！ The hostility of the Oraibis was apparent。 They refused to allow him to enter a house； and he was compelled to camp outside； in a corner formed by a jutting wall； while his guide sheltered his mule in a sheep corral。 He built his little camp fire； cooked his frugal meal； and slept there during the night； doubtless committing himself and the people who refused to receive him to the protecting mercies of God。 The next day the chiefs of the town came to him； clothed in their ceremonial costumes and feathery head…dresses； and bade him leave the place。 He held up his crucifix as an index of his mission； and endeavored to tell them that he came solely to do them good。 But they would have none of him； and on the following day； the memorable Fourth of July； they expelled him peaceably but forcibly from their town。 He returned to the Colorado River again on July 25； and soon to San Xavier； his mission； a failure。
Establishes Missions among the Yumas。 Now he threw his whole heart into the two missions which the authorities had decided to place among the Yumas。 Captain Palma； a Yuma chief； who had been very friendly； had urged it repeatedly； and now the desires of both were to be fulfilled。 In 1779； Garces went to prepare the way； and the following year the establishment took place。 The missions were eight miles apart； one was named La Purisima Concepcion； the other； San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuner。 Garces and Barraneche took charge of the upper mission； and Diaz and Moreno of the lower。
Garces Is Killed。 The missions were a failure from the start。 The few Spanish soldiers sent to guard the padres were obliged to utilize some of the best lands which were tilled for their own benefit。 The appropriations from the treasury were too small to permit of anything but the rudest and simplest of structures； and Palma and his friends soon became disgusted with the whole affair。 On July 17 the Indians； many of whom had been hostile from the first； arose and massacred both colonies of white men； as well as a small force of soldiers under former Governor Rivera； of California； who was encamped temporarily on the western side of the river。 At first； Garces' life was spared； but before the day was over he and his co…laborer were beaten to death； and his unselfish mission on earth ended。 In my book 〃In and Out of the Old Missions of California〃； I give this interesting and tra