n a very drastic way in the strike of 1892 and its settlement。 Being very arbitrary； he had his own standards。 For instance； I was appealed to by many old brakemen and conductors whom he had discharged。 I mention one particularly； who had been on the road for twenty…five years。 Voorhees's answer to me was： 〃These old employees are devoted to Toucey； my predecessor； and for efficient work I must have loyalty to me。〃
I reversed his order and told him I would begin to discharge； if necessary； the latest appointments； including himself； keeping the older men in the service who had proved their loyalty to the company by the performance of their duties。
Mr。 Voorhees became afterwards vice…president and then president of the Philadelphia and Reading。 With experience added to his splendid equipment and unusual ability he became one of the best executives in the country。
Mr。 John M。 Toucey； who had come up from the bottom to be general superintendent and general manager； was a hard student。 His close contact with his fellow employees gave him wonderful control over men。 He supplemented his practical experience by hard study and was very well educated。 Though self…taught； he had no confidence in the graduates of the professional schools。
In selecting an assistant； one of them told me that Toucey subjected him to a rigid examination and then said： 〃What is your railroad career？〃
〃I began at the bottom；〃 answered the assistant； 〃and have filled every office on my old road up to division superintendent； which I have held for so many years。〃
〃That is very fine；〃 said Toucey； 〃but are you a graduate of the Troy Technical School？〃
〃No； sir。〃
〃Of the Stevens Tech。？〃
〃No； sir。〃
〃Of Massachusetts Tech。？〃
〃No； sir。〃
〃Then you are engaged；〃 said Toucey。
Mr。 Toucey was well up…to…date； and differed from a superintendent on another road in which I was a director。 The suburban business of that line had increased very rapidly； but there were not enough trains or cars to accommodate the passengers。 The overcrowding caused many serious discomforts。 I had the superintendent called before the board of directors； and said to him： 〃Why don't you immediately put on more trains and cars？〃
〃Why； Mr。 Depew；〃 he answered； 〃what would be the use？ They are settling so fast along the line that the people would fill them up and overcrowd them just as before。〃
I was going over the line on an important tour at one time with G。 H。 Burroughs； superintendent of the Western Division。 We were on his pony engine； with seats at the front； alongside the boiler； so that we could look directly on the track。 Burroughs sat on one side and I on the other。 He kept on commenting aloud by way of dictating to his stenographer； who sat behind him； and praise and criticism followed rapidly。 I heard him utter in his monotonous way： 〃Switch misplaced； we will all be in hell in a minute；〃 and then a second afterwards continue： 〃We jumped the switch and are on the track again。 Discharge that switchman。〃
Major Zenas Priest was for fifty years a division superintendent。 It was a delightful experience to go with him over his division。 He knew everybody along the line； was general confidant in their family troubles and arbiter in neighborhood disputes。 He knew personally every employee and his characteristics and domestic situation。 The wives were generally helping him to keep their husbands from making trouble。 To show his control and efficiency； he was always predicting labor troubles and demonstrating that the reason they did not occur was because of the way in which he handled the situation。
Mr。 C。 M。 Bissell was a very efficient superintendent； and for a long time in charge of the Harlem Railroad。 He told me this incident。 We decided to put in effect as a check upon the conductors a system by which a conductor； when a fare was paid on the train； must tear from a book a receipt which he gave to the passenger； and mark the amount on the stub from which the receipt was torn。 Soon after a committee of conductors called upon Mr。 Bissell and asked for an increase of pay。 〃Why；〃 Bissell asked； 〃boys； why do you ask for that now？〃
After a rather embarrassing pause the oldest conductor said： 〃Mr。 Bissell； you have been a conductor yourself。〃
This half century and six years during which I have been in the service of the New York Central Railroad has been a time of unusual pleasure and remarkably free from friction or trouble。 In this intimate association with the railroad managers of the United States I have found the choicest friendships and the most enduring。 The railroad manager is rarely a large stockholder； but he is a most devoted and efficient officer of his company。 He gives to its service； for the public； the employees； the investors； and the company； all that there is in him。 In too many instances； because these officers do not get relief from their labor by variation of their work； they die exhausted before their time。
The story graphically told by one of the oldest and ablest of railroad men； Mr。 Marvin Hughitt； for a long time president and now chairman of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway； illustrates what the railroad does for the country。 Twenty…five years ago the Northwestern extended its lines through Northern Iowa。 Mr。 Hughitt drove over the proposed extension on a buckboard。 The country was sparsely settled because the farmers could not get their products to market； and the land was selling at six dollars per acre。
In a quarter of a century prosperous villages and cities had grown up along the line； and farms were selling at over three hundred dollars per acre。 While this enormous profit from six dollars per acre to over three hundred has come to the settlers who held on to their farms because of the possibilities produced by the railroad； the people whose capital built the road must remain satisfied with a moderate return by way of dividend and interest； and without any enhancement of their capital； but those investors should be protected by the State and the people to whom their capital expenditures have been such an enormous benefit。
XIX。 RECOLLECTIONS FROM ABROAD
I know of nothing more delightful for a well…read American than to visit the scenes in Great Britain with which he has become familiar in his reading。 No matter how rapidly he may travel； if he goes over the places made memorable by Sir Walter Scott in the 〃Waverley Novels；〃 and in his poems； he will have had impressions； thrills； and educational results which will be a pleasure for the rest of his life。 The same is true of an ardent admirer of Dickens or of Thackeray； in following the footsteps of their heroes and heroines。 I gained a liberal education and lived over again the reading and studies of a lifetime in my visits to England； Ireland； Scotland； and Wales。 I also had much the same experience of vivifying and spiritualizing my library in France； Italy； Germany； Belgium； and Holland。
London is always most hospitable and socially the most delightful of cities。 While Mr。 Gladstone was prime minister and more in the eyes of the world than any statesman of any country； a dinner was given to him with the special object of having me meet him。 The ladies and gentlemen at the dinner were all people of note。 Among them were two American bishops。 The arrangement made by the host and hostess was that when the ladies left the dining…room I should take the place made vacant alongside Mr。 Gladstone； but one of the American bishops； who in his younger days was a famous athlete； made a flying leap for that chair and no sooner landed than he at once proposed to Mr。 Gladstone this startling question： 〃As the bishop of the old Catholic Church in Germany does not recognize the authority of the pope； how can he receive absolution？〃 and some other abstruse theological questions。 This at once aroused Mr。 Gladstone； who； when once started； was stopped with difficulty； and there was no pause until the host announced that the gentlemen should join the ladies。 I made it a point at the next dinner given for me to meet Mr。 Gladstone that there should be no American bishops present。
At another time； upon arriving at my hotel in London from New York； I found a note from Lord Rosebery saying that Mr。 Gladstone was dining with Lady Rosebery and himself that evening； and there would be no other guests； and inviting me to come。 I arrived early and found Mr。 Gladstone already there。 While the custom in London society then was for the guests to be late； Mr。 Gladstone was always from fifteen minutes to half an hour in advance of the time set by his invitation。 He greeted me with great cordiality； and at once what were known as the Gladstone tentacles were fastened on me for information。 It was a peculiarity with the grand old man that he extracted from a stranger practically all the man knew； and the information was immediately assimilated in his wonderful mind。 He became undoubtedly the best…informed man on more subjects than anybody in the world。
Mr。 Gladstone said to me： 〃It has been raining here for forty days。 What is the average rainfall in the United States and in New York？〃 If there was any subject about which I knew less than another； it was the meteorological conditions in America。 He then continued with great glee： 〃Our friend； Lord Rosebery； has everything and knows everything； so it is almost impossible to find for him something new。 Great books are common； but I have succeeded in my explorations among antiquarian shops in discovering the most idiotic book that ever was written。 It was by an old lord mayor of London； who filled a volume with his experiences in an excursion on the Thames； which is the daily experience of every Englishman。〃 To the disappointment of Mr。 Gladstone； Lord Rosebery also had that book。 The evening was a memorable one for me。
After a most charming time and dinner； while Lord Rosebery went off to meet an engagement to speak at a meeting of colonial representatives； Lady Rosebery took Mr。 Gladstone and myself to the opera at Covent Garden。 There was a critical debate on in the House of Commons； and the whips were running in to inform him of the progress of the battle and to get instruct