the psychology of revolution- 第26部分

against　the　nobility　and　clergy。



From　the　first　sessions　a　psychological　conflict　broke　out

between　the　deputies　of　different　social　conditions　and

（therefore）　different　mentalities。　　The　magnificent　costumes　of

the　privileged　deputies　contrasted　in　a　humiliating　fashion　with

the　sombre　fashions　of　the　Third　Estate。



At　the　first　session　the　members　of　the　nobility　and　the　clergy

　were　covered；　according　to　the　prerogatives　of　their　class；

before　the　king。　　Those　of　the　Third　Estate　wished　to　imitate

them；　but　the　privileged　members　protested。　　On　the　following　day

more　protests　of　wounded　self…love　were　heard。　　The　deputies　of

the　Third　Estate　invited　those　of　the　nobility　and　the　clergy　who

were　sitting　in　separate　halls　to　join　them　for　the　verification

of　their　powers。　　The　nobles　refused。　　The　negotiations　lasted

more　than　a　month。　　Finally；　the　deputies　of　the　Third　Estate；　on

the　proposition　of　the　Abbe　Sieyes；　considering　that

they　represented　95　per　cent。　of　the　nation；　declared　themselves

constituted　as　a　National　Assembly。　　From　that　moment　the

Revolution　pursued　its　course。





3。　　The　Constituent　Assembly。





The　power　of　a　political　assembly　resides；　above　all；　in　the

weakness　of　its　adversaries。　　Astonished　by　the　slight　resistance

encountered；　and　carried　away　by　the　ascendancy　of　a　handful　of

orators；　the　Constituent　Assembly；　from　its　earliest　sessions；

spoke　and　acted　as　a　sovereign　body。　　Notably　it　arrogated　to

itself　the　power　of　decreeing　imposts；　a　serious　encroachment

upon　the　prerogatives　of　the　royal　power。



The　resistance　of　Louis　XVI。　was　feeble　enough。　　He　simply　had

the　hall　in　which　the　States　assembled　closed。　　The　deputies　then

met　in　the　hall　of　the　tennis…court；　and　took　the　oath　that　they

would　not　separate　until　the　Constitution　of　the　kingdom　was　an

established　fact。



The　majority　of　the　deputies　of　the　clergy　went　with　them。　　The

king　revoked　the　decision　of　the　Assembly；　and　ordered　the

deputies　to　retire。　　The　Marquis　de　Dreux…Breze；　the　Grand

Master　of　Ceremonies；　having　invited　them　to　obey　the　order　of

the　sovereign；　the　President　of　the　Assembly　declared　‘‘that　the

nation　assembled　cannot　receive　orders；''　and　Mirabeau　replied　to

the　envoy　of　the　sovereign　that；　being　united　by　the　will　of　the

people；　the　Assembly　would　only　withdraw　at　the　point　of　the

bayonet。　　Again　the　king　gave　way。



On　the　9th　of　June　the　meeting　of　deputies　took　the　title　of　the

Constituent　Assembly。　　For　the　first　time　in　centuries　the　king

was　forced　to　recognise　the　existence　of　a　new　power；　formerly

ignoredthat　of　the　people；　represented　by　its　elected

representatives。　　The　absolute　monarchy　was　no　more。



Feeling　himself　more　and　more　seriously　threatened；　Louis　XVI。

summoned　to　Versailles　a　number　of　regiments　composed　of　foreign

mercenaries。　　The　Assembly　demanded　the　withdrawal　of　the　troops。



The　king　refused；　and　dismissed　Necker；　replacing　him　by　the

Marshal　de　Broglie；　reputed　to　be　an　extremely　authoritative

person。



But　the　Assembly　had　able　supporters。　　Camille　Desmoulins　and

others　harangued　the　crowd　in　all　directions；　calling　it　to　the

defence　of　liberty。　　They　sounded　the　tocsin；　organised　a　militia

of　12；000　men；　took　muskets　and　cannon　from　the　Invalides；　and　on

the　14th　of　July　the　armed　bands　marched　upon　the　Bastille。　　The

fortress；　barely　defended；　capitulated　in　a　few　hours。　　Seven

prisoners　were　found　within　it；　of　whom　one　was　an　idiot　and　four

were　accused　of　forgery。



The　Bastille；　the　prison　of　many　victims　of　arbitrary　power；

symbolised　the　royal　power　to　many　minds；　but　the　people　who

demolished　it　had　not　suffered　by　it。　　Scarcely　any　but　members

of　the　nobility　were　imprisoned　there。



The　influence　exercised　by　the　taking　of　this　fortress　has

continued　to　our　days。　　Serious　historians　like　M。　Rambaud　assure

us　that　‘‘the　taking　of　the　Bastille　is　a　culminating　fact　in　the

history；　not　of　France　only　but　of　all　Europe；　and　inaugurates　a

new　epoch　in　the　history　of　the　world。''



Such　credulity　is　a　little　excessive。　　The　importance　of　the

event　lay　simply　in　the　psychological　fact　that　for　the　first

time　the　people　received　an　obvious　proof　of　the　weakness　of　an

authority　which　had　lately　been　formidable。



When　the　principle　of　authority　is　injured　in　the　public　mind　it

dissolves　very　rapidly。　　What　might　not　one　demand　of　a　king　who

could　not　defend　his　principal　fortress　against　popular　attacks？　

The　master　regarded　as　all…powerful　had　ceased　to　be　so。



The　taking　of　the　Bastille　was　the　beginning　of　one　of　those

phenomena　of　mental　contagion　which　abound　in　the　history　of　the

Revolution。　　The　foreign　mercenary　troops；　although　they　could

scarcely　be　interested　in　the　movement；　began　to　show　symptoms　of

mutiny。　　Louis　XVI。　was　reduced　to　accepting　their　disbandment。　

He　recalled　Necker；　went　to　the　Hotel　de　Ville；　sanctioned　by

his　presence　the　accomplished　facts；　and　accepted　from　La

Fayette；　commandant　of　the　National　Guard；　the　new　cockade　of

red；　white；　and　blue　which　allied　the　colours　of　Paris　to　those

of　the　king。



Although　the　riot　which　ended　in　the　taking　of　the　Bastille　can

by　no　means　be　regarded　as　‘‘a　culminating　fact　in　history；''　it

does　mark　the　precise　moment　of　the　commencement　of　popular

government。　　The　armed　people　thenceforth　intervened　daily　in　the

deliberations　of　the　revolutionary　Assemblies；　and　seriously

influenced　their　conduct。



This　intervention　of　the　people　in　conformity　with　the　dogma　of

its　sovereignty　has　provoked　the　respectful　admiration　of　many

historians　of　the　Revolution。　　Even　a　superficial　study　of　the

psychology　of　crowds　would　speedily　have　shown　them　that　the

mystic　entity　which　they　call　the　people　was　merely　translating

the　will　of　a　few　leaders。　　It　is　not　correct　to　say　that　the

people　took　the　Bastille；　attacked　the　Tuileries；　invaded　the

Convention；　&c。；　but　that　certain　leadersgenerally　by

means　of　the　clubsunited　armed　bands　of　the　populace；　which

they　led　against　the　Bastille；　the　Tuileries；　&c。　　During　the

Revolution　the　same　crowds　attacked　or　defended　the　most　contrary

parties；　according　to　the　leaders　who　happened　to　be　at　their

heads。　　A　crowd　never　has　any　opinion　but　that　of　its　leaders。



Example　constituting　one　of　the　most　potent　forms　of　suggestion；

the　taking　of　the　Bastille　was　inevitably　followed　by　the

destruction　of　other　fortresses。　　Many　chateaux　were　regarded　as

so　many　little　Bastilles；　and　in　order　to　imitate　the　Parisians

who　had　destroyed　theirs　the　peasants　began　to　burn　them。　　They

did　so　with　the　greater　fury　because　the　seigneurial　homes

contained　the　titles　of　feudal　dues。　　It　was　a　species　of

Jacquerie。



The　Constituent　Assembly；　so　proud　and　haughty　towards　the　king；

was；　like　all　the　revolutionary　assemblies　which　followed　it；

extremely　pusillanimous　before　the　people。



Hoping　to　put　an　end　to　the　disorders　of　the　night　of　August　4th；

it　voted；　on　the　proposition　of　a　member　of　the　nobility；　the

Comte　de　Noailles；　the　abolition　of　seigneurial　rights。　　Although

this　measure　suppressed　at　one　stroke　the　privileges　of　the

nobles；　it　was　voted　with　tears　and　embracings。　　Such　accesses　of

sentimental　enthusiasm　are　readily　explained　when　we　recall　how

contagious　emotion　is　in　a　crowd；　above　all　in　an　assembly

oppressed　by　fear。



If　the　renunciation　of　their　rights　had　been　effected　by　the

nobility　a　few　years　earlier；　the　Revolution　would　doubtless　have

been　avoided；　but　it　was　now　too　late。　　To　give　way　only　when　one

is　forced　to　do　so　merely　increases　the　demands　of　those

to　whom　one　yields。　　In　politics　one　should　always　look　ahead　and

give　way　long　before　one　is　forced　to　do　so。



Louis　XVI。　hesitated　for　two　months　to　ratify　the　decisions　voted

by　the　Assembly　on　the　night　of　the　4th　of　August。　　He　had

retired　to　Versailles。　　The　leaders　sent　thither　a　band　of　7；000

or　8；000　men　and　women　of　the　people；　assuring　them　that　the

royal　residence　contained　great　stores　of　bread。　　The　railings　of

the　palace　were　forced；　some　of　the　bodyguard　were　killed；　and

the　king　and　all　his　family　were　led　back　to　Paris　in　the　midst

of　a　shrieking　crowd；　many　of　whom　bore　on　the　ends　of　their

pikes　the　heads　of　the　soldiers　massacred。　　The　dreadful　journey

lasted　six　hours。　　These　events　constituted　what　are　known　as　the

‘‘days''　of　October。



The　popular　power　increased；　and　in　reality　the　king；　like　the

whole　assembly；　was　henceforth　in　the　hands　of　the　peoplethat

is；　at　the　mercy　of　the　clubs　and　their　leaders。　　This　popular

power　was　to　prevail　for　nearly　ten　years；　and　the　Revolution　was

to　be　almost　entirely　its　work。



While　proclaiming　that　the　people　constituted　the　only　sovereign；

the　Assembly　was　greatly　embarrassed　by　riots　which　went　far

beyond　its　theoretical　expectations。　　It　had　supposed　that　order

would　be　restored　while　it　fabricated　a　Constitution　destined　to

assure　the　eternal　happiness　of　mankind。



We　know　that　during　the　whole　duration　of　the　Revolution　one　of

the　chief　occupations　of　the　assemblies　was　to　make；　unmake；　and

remake　Constitutions。　　The　theorists　attributed　to　them　then；　as

they　do　to…day；　the　power　of　transforming　society；　the

Assembly；　therefore；　could　not　neglect　its　task。　　In　the　meantime

it　published　a　solemn　Declaration　of　the　Rights　of　Man　which

summarised　its　principles。



The　Constitution；　proclamations；　declarations；　and　speeches　had

not　the　slightest　effect　on　the　popular　movements；　nor　on　the

dissentients　who　daily　increased　in　number　in　the　heart　of　the

Assembly。　　The　latter　became　more　and　more　subjected　to　the

ascendancy　of　the　advanced　party；　which　was　supported　by　the

clubs。　　Danton；　Camille　Desmoulins；　and　later　Marat　and

Hebert；　violently　excited　the　populace　by　their　harangues　and

their　journals。　　The　A