industrial biography- 第71部分

there　was　but　little　of　that　commodity　to　be　had　in　the　remote

district　of　Knocknalling。　　The　parish…school　was　six　miles　distant；

and　the　teaching　given　in　it　was　of　a　very　inferior　sortusually

administered　by　students；　probationers　for　the　ministry；　or　by

half…fledged　dominies；　themselves　more　needing　instruction　than　able

to　impart　it。　　The　Kennedys　could　only　attend　the　school　during　a　few

months　in　summer…time；　so　that　what　they　had　acquired　by　the　end　of

one　season　was　often　forgotten　by　the　beginning　of　the　next。　　They

learnt；　however；　to　read　the　Testament；　say　their　catechism；　and

write　their　own　names。



As　the　children　grew　up；　they　each　longed　for　the　time　to　come　when

they　could　be　put　to　a　trade。　　The　family　were　poorly　clad；　stockings

and　shoes　were　luxuries　rarely　indulged　in；　and　Mr。　Kennedy　used　in

after…life　to　tell　his　grandchildren　of　a　certain　Sunday　which　he

remembered　shortly　after　his　father　died；　when　he　was　setting　out　for

Dalry　church；　and　had　borrowed　his　brother　Alexander's　stockings；　his

brother　ran　after　him　and　cried；　〃See　that　you　keep　out　of　the　dirt；

for　mind　you　have　got　my　stockings　on！〃　　John　indulged　in　many

day…dreams　about　the　world　that　lay　beyond　the　valley　and　the

mountains　which　surrounded　the　place　of　his　birth。　　Though　a　mere　boy；

the　natural　objects；　eternally　unchangeable；　which　daily　met　his

eyesthe　profound　silence　of　the　scene；　broken　only　by　the　bleating

of　a　solitary　sheep；　or　the　crowing　of　a　distant　cock；　or　the

thrasher　beating　out　with　his　flail　the　scanty　grain　of　the　black

oats　spread　upon　a　skin　in　the　open　air；　or　the　streamlets　leaping

from　the　rocky　clefts；　or　the　distant　church…bell　sounding　up　the

valley　on　Sundays　all　bred　in　his　mind　a　profound　melancholy　and

feeling　of　loneliness；　and　he　used　to　think　to　himself；　〃What　can　I

do　to　see　and　know　something　of　the　world　beyond　this？〃　　The　greatest

pleasure　he　experienced　during　that　period　was　when　packmen　came

round　with　their　stores　of　clothing　and　hardware；　and　displayed　them

for　sale；　he　eagerly　listened　to　all　that　such　visitors　had　to　tell

of　the　ongoings　of　the　world　beyond　the　valley。



The　people　of　the　Knocknalling　district　were　very　poor。　　The　greater

part　of　them　were　unable　to　support　the　younger　members；　whose　custom

it　was　to　move　off　elsewhere　in　search　of　a　living　when　they　arrived

at　working　years；some　to　America；　some　to　the　West　Indies；　and　some

to　the　manufacturing　districts　of　the　south。　　Whole　families　took

their　departure　in　this　way；　and　the　few　friendships　which　Kennedy

formed　amongst　those　of　his　own　age　were　thus　suddenly　snapped；　and

only　a　great　blank　remained。　　But　he　too　could　follow　their　example；

and　enter　upon　that　wider　world　in　which　so　many　others　had　ventured

and　succeeded。　　As　early　as　eight　years　of　age；　his　mother　still

impressing　upon　her　boys　the　necessity　of　learning　to　work；　John

gathered　courage　to　say　to　her　that　he　wished　to　leave　home　and

apprentice　himself　to　some　handicraft　business。　　Having　seen　some

carpenters　working　in　the　neighbourhood；　with　good　clothes　on　their

backs；　and　hearing　the　men's　characters　well　spoken　of；　he　thought　it

would　be　a　fine　thing　to　be　a　carpenter　too；　particularly　as　the

occupation　would　enable　him　to　move　from　place　to　place　and　see　the

world。　　He　was　as　yet；　however；　of　too　tender　an　age　to　set　out　on　the

journey　of　life；　but　when　he　was　about　eleven　years　old；　Adam　Murray；

one　of　his　most　intimate　acquaintances；　having　gone　off　to　serve　an

apprenticeship　in　Lancashire　with　Mr。　Cannan　of　Chowbent；　himself　a

native　of　the　district；　the　event　again　awakened　in　him　a　strong

desire　to　migrate　from　Knocknalling。　　Others　had　gone　after　Murray；

James　MacConnel　and　two　or　three　more；　and　at　length；　at　about

fourteen　years　of　age；　Kennedy　himself　left　his　native　home　for

Lancashire。　　About　the　time　that　he　set　out；　Paul　Jones　was　ravaging

the　coasts　of　Galloway；　and　producing　general　consternation

throughout　the　district。　　Great　excitement　also　prevailed　through　the

occurrence　of　the　Gordon　riots　in　London；　which　extended　into　remote

country　places；　and　Kennedy　remembered　being　nearly　frightened　out　of

his　wits　on　one　occasion　by　a　poor　dominie　whose　school　he　attended；

who　preached　to　his　boys　about　the　horrors　that　were　coming　upon　the

land　through　the　introduction　of　Popery。　　The　boy　set　out　for　England

on　the　2nd　of　February；　1784；　mounted　upon　a　Galloway；　his　little

package　of　clothes　and　necessaries　strapped　behind　him。　　As　he　passed

along　the　glen；　recognising　each　familiar　spot；　his　heart　was　in　his

mouth；　and　he　dared　scarcely　trust　himself　to　look　back。　　The　ground

was　covered　with　snow；　and　nature　quite　frozen　up。　　He　had　the　company

of　his　brother　Alexander　as　far　as　the　town　of　New　Galloway；　where　he

slept　the　first　night。　　The　next　day；　accompanied　by　one　of　his　future

masters；　Mr。　James　Smith；　a　partner　of　Mr。　Cannan's；　who　had

originally　entered　his　service　as　a　workman；　they　started　on　ponyback

for　Dumfries。　　After　a　long　day's　ride；　they　entered　the　town　in　the

evening；　and　amongst　the　things　which　excited　the　boy's　surprise　were

the　few　street…lamps　of　the　town；　and　a　waggon　with　four　horses　and

four　wheels。　　In　his　remote　valley　carts　were　as　yet　unknown；　and　even

in　Dumfries　itself　they　were　comparative　rarities；　the　common　means

of　transport　in　the　district　being　what　were　called　〃tumbling　cars。〃

The　day　after；　they　reached　Longtown；　and　slept　there；　the　boy　noting

ANOTHER　lamp。　　The　next　stage　was　to　Carlisle；　where　Mr。　Smith；　whose

firm　had　supplied　a　carding　engine　and　spinning…jenny　to　a　small

manufacturer　in　the　town；　went　to　〃gate〃　and　trim　them。　　One　was　put

up　in　a　small　house；　the　other　in　a　small　room；　and　the　sight　of

these　machines　was　John　Kennedy's　first　introduction　to

cotton…spinning。　　While　going　up　the　inn…stairs　he　was　amazed　and　not

a　little　alarmed　at　seeing　two　men　in　armourhe　had　heard　of　the

battles　between　the　Scots　and　Englishand　believed　these　to　be　some

of　the　fighting　men；　though　they　proved　to　be　but　effigies。　　Five　more

days　were　occupied　in　travelling　southward；　the　resting　places　being

at　Penrith；　Kendal；　Preston；　and　Chorley；　the　two　travellers　arriving

at　Chowbent　on　Sunday　the　8th　of　February；　1784。　　Mr。　Cannan　seems　to

have　collected　about　him　a　little　colony　of　Scotsmen；　mostly　from　the

same　neighbourhood；　and　in　the　evening　there　was　quite　an　assembly　of

them　at　the　〃Bear's　Paw；〃　where　Kennedy　put　up；　to　hear　the　tidings

from　their　native　county　brought　by　the　last　new　comer。　　On　the

following　morning　the　boy　began　his　apprenticeship　as　a　carpenter

with　the　firm　of　Cannan　and　Smith；　serving　seven　years　for　his　meat

and　clothing。　　He　applied　himself　to　his　trade；　and　became　a　good；

steady　workman。　　He　was　thoughtful　and　self…improving；　always

endeavouring　to　acquire　knowledge　of　new　arts　and　to　obtain　insight

into　new　machines。　　〃Even　in　early　life；〃　said　he；　in　the　account　of

his　career　addressed　to　his　children；　〃I　felt　a　strong　desire　to　know

what　others　knew；　and　was　always　ready　to　communicate　what　little　I

knew　myself；　and　by　admitting　at　once　my　want　of　education；　I　found

that　I　often　made　friends　of　those　on　whom　I　had　no　claims　beyond

what　an　ardent　desire　for　knowledge　could　give　me。〃



His　apprenticeship　over；　John　Kennedy　commenced　business*

　＇footnote。。。

One　of　the　reasons　which　induced　Kennedy　thus　early　to　begin　the

business　of　mule…spinning　has　been　related　as　follows。　　While　employed

as　apprentice　at　Chowbent；　he　happened　to　sleep　over　the　master's

apartment；　and　late　one　evening；　on　the　latter　returning　from　market；

his　wife　asked　his　success。　　〃I've　sold　the　eightys；〃　said　he；　〃at　a

guinea　a　pound。〃　　〃What；〃　exclaimed　the　mistress；　in　a　loud　voice；

〃sold　the　eightys　for　ONLY　a　guinea　a　pound！　　I　never　heard　of　such　a

thing。〃　　The　apprentice　could　not　help　overhearing　the　remark；　and　it

set　him　a…thinking。　　He　knew　the　price　of　cotton　and　the　price　of

labour；　and　concluded　there　must　be　a　very　large　margin　of　profit。　　So

soon　as　he　was　out　of　his　time；　therefore；　he　determined　that　he

should　become　a　cotton　spinner。

　。。。＇

in　a　small　way　in　Manchester　in　1791；　in　conjunction　with　two　other

workmen；　Sandford　and　MacConnel。　　Their　business　was　machine…making

and　mule…spinning；　Kennedy　taking　the　direction　of　the　machine

department。　　The　firm　at　first　put　up　their　mules　for　spinning　in　any

convenient　garrets　they　could　hire　at　a　low　rental。　　After　some　time；

they　took　part　of　a　small　factory　in　Canal　Street；　and　carried　on

their　business　on　a　larger　scale。　　Kennedy　and　MacConnel　afterwards

occupied　a　little　factory　in　the　same　street；since　removed　to　give

place　to　Fairbairn's　large　machine　works。　　The　progress　of　the　firm

was　steady　and　even　rapid；　and　they　went　on　building　mills　and

extending　their　businessMr。　Kennedy；　as　he　advanced　in　life；

gathering　honour；　wealth；　and　troops　of　friends。　　Notwithstanding　the

defects　of　his　early　education；　he　was　one　of　the　few　men　of　his

class　who　became　distinguished　for　his　literary　labours　in　connexion

principally　with　the　cotton　trade。　　Towards　the　close　of　his　life；　he

prepared　several　papers　of　great　interest　for　the　Literary　and

Philosophical　Society　of　Manchester；　which　are　to　be　found　printed　in

their　Proceedings；　one　of　these；　on　the　Invention　of　the　Mule　by

Samuel　Crompton；　was　for　a　long　time　the　only　record　which　the　public

possessed　of　the　merits　and　claims　of　that　distinguished　inventor。

His　knowledge　of　the　history　of　the　cotton　manufacture　in　its　various

stages；　and　of　mechanical　inventions　generally；　was　most　extensive

and　accurate。　　Among　his　friends　he　numbered　James　Watt；　who　placed

his　son　in　his　establishment　for　the　purpose　of　acquiring　knowledge

and　experience　of　his　profession。　　At　a　much　later　period　he　numbered

George　Stephenson　among　his　friends；　having　been　one　of　the