n as Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the House necessarily brought him into a closer relation with the Sovereign。 Two years later Lord Derby resigned； and Victoria； with intense delight and peculiar graciousness； welcomed Disraeli as her First Minister。
But only for nine agitated months did he remain in power。 The Ministry； in a minority in the Commons； was swept out of existence by a general election。 Yet by the end of that short period the ties which bound together the Queen and her Premier had grown far stronger than ever before； the relationship between them was now no longer merely that between a grateful mistress and a devoted servant： they were friends。 His official letters； in which the personal element had always been perceptible； developed into racy records of political news and social gossip； written； as Lord Clarendon said； 〃in his best novel style。〃 Victoria was delighted； she had never； she declared； had such letters in her life； and had never before known EVERYTHING。 In return； she sent him； when the spring came； several bunches of flowers； picked by her own hands。 He despatched to her a set of his novels； for which； she said； she was 〃most grateful； and which she values much。〃 She herself had lately published her 〃Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands；〃 and it was observed that the Prime Minister； in conversing with Her Majesty at this period； constantly used the words 〃we authors； ma'am。〃 Upon political questions； she was his staunch supporter。 〃Really there never was such conduct as that of the Opposition；〃 she wrote。 And when the Government was defeated in the House she was 〃really shocked at the way in which the House of Commons go on； they really bring discredit on Constitutional Government。〃 She dreaded the prospect of a change； she feared that if the Liberals insisted upon disestablishing the Irish Church； her Coronation Oath might stand in the way。 But a change there had to be； and Victoria vainly tried to console herself for the loss of her favourite Minister by bestowing a peerage upon Mrs。 Disraeli。
Mr。 Gladstone was in his shirt…sleeves at Hawarden； cutting down a tree； when the royal message was brought to him。 〃Very significant；〃 he remarked； when he had read the letter； and went on cutting down his tree。 His secret thoughts on the occasion were more explicit； and were committed to his diary。 〃The Almighty；〃 he wrote； 〃seems to sustain and spare me for some purpose of His own； deeply unworthy as I know myself to be。 Glory be to His name。〃
The Queen； however； did not share her new Minister's view of the Almighty's intentions。 She could not believe that there was any divine purpose to be detected in the programme of sweeping changes which Mr。 Gladstone was determined to carry out。 But what could she do？ Mr。 Gladstone； with his daemonic energy and his powerful majority in the House of Commons； was irresistible； and for five years （1869…74） Victoria found herself condemned to live in an agitating atmosphere of interminable reformreform in the Irish Church and the Irish land system； reform in education； reform in parliamentary elections； reform in the organisation of the Army and the Navy； reform in the administration of justice。 She disapproved； she struggled； she grew very angry； she felt that if Albert had been living things would never have happened so； but her protests and her complaints were alike unavailing。 The mere effort of grappling with the mass of documents which poured in upon her in an ever…growing flood was terribly exhausting。 When the draft of the lengthy and intricate Irish Church Bill came before her； accompanied by an explanatory letter from Mr。 Gladstone covering a dozen closely…written quarto pages； she almost despaired。 She turned from the Bill to the explanation； and from the explanation back again to the Bill； and she could not decide which was the most confusing。 But she had to do her duty： she had not only to read； but to make notes。 At last she handed the whole heap of papers to Mr。 Martin； who happened to be staying at Osborne； and requested him to make a precis of them。 When he had done so； her disapproval of the measure became more marked than ever； but； such was the strength of the Government； she actually found herself obliged to urge moderation upon the Opposition； lest worse should ensue。
In the midst of this crisis； when the future of the Irish Church was hanging in the balance； Victoria's attention was drawn to another proposed reform。 It was suggested that the sailors in the Navy should henceforward be allowed to wear beards。 〃Has Mr。 Childers ascertained anything on the subject of the beards？〃 the Queen wrote anxiously to the First Lord of the Admiralty。 On the whole； Her Majesty was in favour of the change。 〃Her own personal feeling；〃 she wrote； 〃would be for the beards without the moustaches； as the latter have rather a soldierlike appearance； but then the object in view would not be obtained； viz。 to prevent the necessity of shaving。 Therefore it had better be as proposed； the entire beard； only it should be kept short and very clean。〃 After thinking over the question for another week； the Queen wrote a final letter。 She wished； she said； 〃to make one additional observation respecting the beards； viz。 that on no account should moustaches be allowed without beards。 That must be clearly understood。〃
Changes in the Navy might be tolerated； to lay hands upon the Army was a more serious matter。 From time immemorial there had been a particularly close connection between the Army and the Crown； and Albert had devoted even more time and attention to the details of military business than to the processes of fresco…painting or the planning of sanitary cottages for the deserving poor。 But now there was to be a great alteration： Mr。 Gladstone's fiat had gone forth； and the Commander…in…Chief was to be removed from his direct dependence upon the Sovereign； and made subordinate to Parliament and the Secretary of State for War。 Of all the liberal reforms this was the one which aroused the bitterest resentment in Victoria。 She considered that the change was an attack upon her personal positionalmost an attack upon the personal position of Albert。 But she was helpless； and the Prime Minister had his way。 When she heard that the dreadful man had yet another reform in contemplationthat he was about to abolish the purchase of military commissionsshe could only feel that it was just what might have been expected。 For a moment she hoped that the House of Lords would come to the rescue； the Peers opposed the change with unexpected vigour； but Mr。 Gladstone； more conscious than ever of the support of the Almighty； was ready with an ingenious device。 The purchase of commissions had been originally allowed by Royal Warrant； it should now be disallowed by the same agency。 Victoria was faced by a curious dilemma： she abominated the abolition of purchase； but she was asked to abolish it by an exercise of sovereign power which was very much to her taste。 She did not hesitate for long； and when the Cabinet； in a formal minute； advised her to sign the Warrant； she did so with a good grace。
Unacceptable as Mr。 Gladstone's policy was； there was something else about him which was even more displeasing to Victoria。 She disliked his personal demeanour towards herself。 It was not that Mr。 Gladstone； in his intercourse with her； was in any degree lacking in courtesy or respect。 On the contrary； an extraordinary reverence impregnated his manner； both in his conversation and his correspondence with the Sovereign。 Indeed； with that deep and passionate conservatism which； to the very end of his incredible career； gave such an unexpected colouring to his inexplicable character； Mr。 Gladstone viewed Victoria through a haze of awe which was almost religiousas a sacrosanct embodiment of venerable traditionsa vital element in the British Constitutiona Queen by Act of Parliament。 But unfortunately the lady did not appreciate the compliment。 The well…known complaint〃He speaks to me as if I were a public meeting…〃 whether authentic or noand the turn of the sentence is surely a little too epigrammatic to be genuinely Victorianundoubtedly expresses the essential element of her antipathy。 She had no objection to being considered as an institution； she was one； and she knew it。 But she was a woman too； and to be considered ONLY as an institutionthat was unbearable。 And thus all Mr。 Gladstone's zeal and devotion； his ceremonious phrases； his low bows； his punctilious correctitudes； were utterly wasted； and when； in the excess of his loyalty； he went further； and imputed to the object of his veneration； with obsequious blindness； the subtlety of intellect； the wide reading； the grave enthusiasm； which he himself possessed； the misunderstanding became complete。 The discordance between the actual Victoria and this strange Divinity made in Mr。 Gladstone's image produced disastrous results。 Her discomfort and dislike turned at last into positive animosity； and； though her manners continued to be perfect； she never for a moment unbent； while he on his side was overcome with disappointment； perplexity； and mortification。
Yet his fidelity remained unshaken。 When the Cabinet met； the Prime Minister； filled with his beatific vision； would open the proceedings by reading aloud the letters which he had received from the Queen upon the questions of the hour。 The assembly sat in absolute silence while； one after another； the royal missives； with their emphases； their ejaculations； and their grammatical peculiarities； boomed forth in all the deep solemnity of Mr。 Gladstone's utterance。 Not a single comment； of any kind； was ever hazarded； and； after a fitting pause； the Cabinet proceeded with the business of the day。
II
Little as Victoria appreciated her Prime Minister's attitude towards her； she found that it had its uses。 The popular discontent at her uninterrupted seclusion had been gathering force for many years； and now burst out in a new and alarming shape。 Republicanism was in the air。 Radical opinion in England； stimulated by the fall of Napoleon III and the establishment of a republican government in France； suddenly grew more extreme than it ever had been since 1848。 It also became fo