《lays of ancient rome(古罗马方位)》

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From  an   early  period   they  had   been   admitted   to   some   share   of   political 

power。 They were enrolled each in his century; and were allowed a share; 

considerable   though   not   proportioned   to   their   numerical   strength;   in   the 

disposal     of   those    high    dignities   from     which    they    were    themselves 

excluded。 Thus their position bore some resemblance to that of the Irish 

Catholics   during   the   interval   between   the   year   1792   and   the   year   1829。 

The     Plebeians    had    also  the   privilege    of  annually     appointing     officers; 

named      Tribunes;     who    had   no   active   share   in  the   government       of  the 

commonwealth; but who; by degree; acquired a power formidable even to 

the   ablest   and   most   resolute   Consuls   and   Dictators。   The   person   of   the 

Tribune was inviolable; and; though he could directly effect little; he could 

obstruct everything。 

     During more than a century after the institution of the Tribuneship; the 

Commons   struggled   manfully   for   the   removal   of   the   grievances   under 

which they labored; and; in spite of many checks and reverses; succeeded 

in wringing concession after concession from the stubborn aristocracy。 At 



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length   in    the   year  of   the  city   378;   both   parties   mustered     their  whole 

strength for their last and most desperate conflict。 The popular and active 

Tribune;   Caius   Licinius;   proposed   the   three   memorable   laws   which   are 

called   by   his   name;   and   which   were   intended   to   redress   the   three   great 

evils of which the Plebeians complained。 He was supported; with eminent 

ability    and    firmness;    by   his   colleague;    Lucius     Sextius。    The    struggle 

appears to have been the fiercest that every in any community terminated 

without an appeal to arms。 If such a contest had raged in any Greek city; 

the   streets   would   have   run   with   blood。   But;   even   in   the   paroxysms   of 

faction;    the   Roman      retained    his  gravity;   his   respect    for  law;   and   his 

tenderness for the lives of his fellow citizens。 Year after year Licinius and 

Sextius were re 雔 ected Tribunes。 Year after year; if the narrative which 

has come down to us is to be trusted; they continued to exert; to the full 

extent;   their   power   of   stopping   the   whole   machine   of   government。   No 

curule magistrates could be chosen; no military muster could be held。 We 

know too little of the state of Rome in those days to be able to conjecture 

how;   during   that   long   anarchy;   the   peace   was   kept;   and   ordinary   justice 

administered between man and man。 The animosity of both parties rose to 

the   greatest   height。   The   excitement;   we   may   well   suppose;   would   have 

been     peculiarly    intense    at  the   annual    election    of   Tribunes。    On    such 

occasions there can be little doubt that the great families did all that could 

be done; by threats and caresses; to break the union of the Plebeians。 That 

union; however; proved indissoluble。 At length the good cause triumphed。 

The   Licinian   laws   were   carried。   Lucius   Sextius   was   the   first   Plebeian 

Consul; Caius Licinius the third。 

     The  results   of this   great   change  were   singularly  happy  and   glorious。 

Two      centuries     of    prosperity;     harmony;      and    victory     followed      the 

reconciliation      of  the   orders。   Men     who    remembered       Rome     engaged     in 

waging petty wars almost within sight of the Capitol lived to see her the 

mistress of Italy。 While the disabilities of the Plebeians continued; she was 

scarcely able to maintain her ground against the Volscians and Hernicans。 

When   those   disabilities   were   removed;   she   rapidly   became   more   than   a 

match for Carthage and Macedon。 

     During the great Licinian contest the Plebeian poets were; doubtless; 



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not   silent。  Even   in   modern times   songs have   been   by  no   means   without 

influence on public affairs; and we may therefore infer that; in a society 

where   printing   was   unknown   and   where   books   were   rare;   a   pathetic   or 

humorous   party…ballad   must   have   produced   effects   such   as   we   can   but 

faintly conceive。 It is certain that satirical poems were common at Rome 

from a very early period。 The rustics; who lived at a distance from the seat 

of government; and took little part in the strife of factions; gave vent   to 

their petty local animosities in coarse Fescennine verse。 The lampoons of 

the city were doubtless of a higher order; and their sting was early felt by 

the nobility。 For in the Twelve Tables; long before the time of the Licinian 

laws; a severe punishment was denounced against the citizen who should 

compose or recite verses reflecting on another。 Satire is; indeed; the only 

sort   of   composition   in   which   the   Latin   poets;   whose   works   have   come 

down to us; were not mere imitators of foreign models; and it is therefore 

the only sort of composition in which they have never been rivalled。 It was 

not; like their tragedy; their comedy; their epic and lyric poetry; a hothouse 

plant which; in return for assiduous and skilful culture; gave only scanty 

and sickly fruits。 It was hardy and full of sap; and in all the various juices 

which   it   yielded   might   be   distinguished   the   flavor   of   the Ausonian   soil。 

‘‘Satire;'' said Quinctilian; with just pride; ‘‘is all our own。'' Satire sprang; 

in   truth;   naturally   from   the   constitution   of   the   Roman   government   and 

from  the   spirit   of   the   Roman   people;   and;   though   at   length   subjected   to 

metrical   rules   derived   from   Greece;   retained   to   the   last   an   essentially 

Roman character。 Lucilius was the earliest satirist whose works were held 

in esteem under the Caesars。 But many years before Lucilius was born; N 

鎣     ius    had    been    flung    into   a   dungeon;      and    guarded      there   with 

circumstances of unusual rigor; on account of the bitter lines in which he 

had    attacked    the   great   Caecilian    family。    The   genius    and    spirit  of  the 

Roman       satirists   survived     the  liberty    of  their   country;    and    were    not 

extinguished by the cruel despotism of the Julian and Flavian Emperors。 

The great poet who told the story of Domitian's turbot was the legitimate 

successor of those forgotten minstrels whose songs animated the factions 

of the infant Republic。 

     Those   minstrels;   as   Niebuhr   has   remarked;   appear   to   have   generally 



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taken the popular side。 We can hardly be mistaken in supposing that; at the 

great crisis of the civil conflict; they employed themselves in versifying all 

the most powerful and virulent speeches of the Tribunes; and in heaping 

abuse     on  the   leaders   of  the  aristocracy。    Every   personal    defect;   every 

domestic scandal; every tradition dishonorable to a noble house; would be 

sought out; brought into notice; and exaggerated。 The illustrious head of 

the   aristocratical   party;   Marcus   Furius   Camillus;      might   perhaps   be;   in 

some measure; protected by his venerable age and by the memory of his 

great services to the state。 But Appius Claudius Crassus enjoyed no such 

immunity。 He was descended from a long line of ancestors distinguished 

by their haughty demeanor; and by the inflexibility with which they had 

withstood      all  the  demands     of  the   Plebeian    order。  While    the   political 

conduct and the deportment of the Claudian nobles drew  upon them  the 

fiercest public hatred; they were accused of wanting; if any credit is due to 

the   early   history   of   Rome;    a  class   of  qualities   which;    in  a  military 

commonwealth; is sufficient to cover a multitude of offences。 The chiefs 

of the family appear to have been eloquent; versed in civil business; and 

learned     after   the  fashion    of   their   age;   but   in  war    they   were    not 

distinguished by skill or valor。 Some of them; as if conscious where their 

weakness   lay;   had;   when   filling   the   highest   magistracies;   taken   internal 

administration as their department of public business; and left the military 

command   to   their   colleagues。   One   of   them   had   been   entrusted   with   an 

army; and had failed ignominiously。 None of them had been honored with 

a triumph。 None of them had achieved any martial exploit; such as those 

by    which    Lucius    Quinctius    Cincinnatus;     Titus   Quinctius     Capitolinus; 

Aulus Cornelius Cossus; and; above all; the great Camillus; had extorted 

the reluctant esteem of the multitude。 During the Licinian conflict; Appius 

Claudius Crassus signalized himself by the ability and severity with which 

he harangued against the two great agitators。 He would naturally; therefore; 

be the favorite mark of the Plebeian satirists; nor would they have been at 

a loss to find a point on which he was open to attack。 

     His grandfather; called; like himself; Appius Claudius; had left a name 

as   much   detested   as   that   Sextus Tarquinius。 This   elder Appius   had   been 

Consul   more   than   seventy   years   before   the   introduction   of   the   Licinian 



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