nt； and the mule…deer； as the explorers called it； was not a hybrid； but a deer with very long ears； better known afterwards as the black…tailed deer。〃
At the Big Bend of the Missouri； in the heart of what is now South Dakota； while camped on a sand…bar； the explorers had a startling experience。 〃Shortly after midnight；〃 says the journal； 〃the sleepers were startled by the sergeant on guard crying out that the sand…bar was sinking； and the alarm was timely given； for scarcely had they got off with the boats before the bank under which they had been lying fell in； and by the time the opposite shore was reached； the ground on which they had been encamped sunk also。 A man who was sent to step off the distance across the head of the bend； made it but two thousand yards； while its circuit is thirty miles。〃
The next day； three Sioux boys swam the river and told them that two parties of their nation； one of eighty lodges； and one of sixty lodges； were camped up the river； waiting to have a palaver with the white explorers。 These were Teton Sioux； and the river named for them still bears that title。
Chapter V
From the Tetons to the Mandans
〃On the morning of September 25th；〃 says the journal； 〃we raised a flagstaff and an awning； under which we assembled； with all the party parading under arms。 The chiefs and warriors； from the camps two miles up the river； met us； about fifty or sixty in number； and after smoking we delivered them a speech； but as our Sioux interpreter； M。 Durion； had been left with the Yanktons； we were obliged to make use of a Frenchman who could not speak fluently； and therefore we curtailed our harangue。 After this we went through the ceremony of acknowledging the chiefs； by giving to the grand chief a medal； a flag of the United States； a laced uniform coat； a cocked hat and feather； to the two other chiefs； a medal and some small presents； and to two warriors of consideration； certificates。 The name of the great chief is Untongasabaw； or Black Buffalo； the second； Tortohonga； or the Partisan； the third； Tartongawaka； or Buffalo Medicine； the name of one of the warriors was Wawzinggo； that of the second； Matocoquepa； or Second Bear。 We then invited the chiefs on board； and showed them the boat； the air…gun； and such curiosities as we thought might amuse them。 In this we succeeded too well； for； after giving them a quarter of a glass of whiskey； which they seemed to like very much； and sucked the bottle； it was with much difficulty that we could get rid of them。 They at last accompanied Captain Clark on shore； in a pirogue with five men； but it seems they had formed a design to stop us； for no sooner had the party landed than three of the Indians seized the cable of the pirogue； and one of the soldiers of the chief put his arms round the mast。 The second chief； who affected intoxication； then said that we should not go on； that they had not received presents enough from us。 Captain Clark told him that he would not be prevented from going on； that we were not squaws； but warriors； that we were sent by our great father； who could in a moment exterminate them。 The chief replied that he too had warriors； and was proceeding to offer personal violence to Captain Clark； who immediately drew his sword； and made a signal to the boat to prepare for action。 The Indians； who surrounded him； drew their arrows from their quivers； and were bending their bows； when the swivel in the boat was instantly pointed towards them； and twelve of our most determined men jumped into the pirogue and joined Captain Clark。 This movement made an impression on them； for the grand chief ordered the young men away from the pirogue； and they withdrew and held a short council with the warriors。 Being unwilling to irritate them； Captain Clark then went forward； and offered his hand to the first and second chiefs； who refused to take it。 He then turned from them and got into the pirogue； but he had not got more than ten paces； when both the chiefs and two of the warriors waded in after him； and he brought them on board。 We then proceeded on for a mile； and anchored off a willow island； which； from the circumstances which had just occurred； we called Bad…humored Island。〃
The policy of firmness and gentleness； which Lewis and Clark always pursued when treating with the Indians； had its good results at this time。 What might have been a bloody encounter was averted； and next day the Indians contritely came into camp and asked that their squaws and children might see the white men and their boats； which would be to them a novel sight。 This was agreed to； and after the expedition had sailed up the river and had been duly admired by a great crowd of men； women； and children； the Tetons invited the white men to a dance。 The journal adds：
〃Captains Lewis and Clark； who went on shore one after the other； were met on landing by ten well…dressed young men； who took them up in a robe highly decorated and carried them to a large council…house； where they were placed on a dressed buffalo…skin by the side of the grand chief。 The hall or council…room was in the shape of three…quarters of a circle； covered at the top and sides with skins well dressed and sewed together。 Under this shelter sat about seventy men； forming a circle round the chief； before whom were placed a Spanish flag and the one we had given them yesterday。 This left a vacant circle of about six feet diameter； in which the pipe of peace was raised on two forked sticks； about six or eight inches from the ground； and under it the down of the swan was scattered。 A large fire； in which they were cooking provisions； stood near； and in the centre about four hundred pounds of buffalo meat as a present for us。 As soon as we were seated； an old man got up； and after approving what we had done； begged us take pity on their unfortunate situation。 To this we replied with assurances of protection。 After he had ceased； the great chief rose and delivered a harangue to the same effect； then with great solemnity he took some of the most delicate parts of the dog which was cooked for the festival； and held it to the flag by way of sacrifice； this done； he held up the pipe of peace； and first pointed it toward the heavens； then to the four quarters of the globe； then to the earth； made a short speech； lighted the pipe； and presented it to us。 We smoked； and he again harangued his people； after which the repast was served up to us。 It consisted of the dog which they had just been cooking； this being a great dish among the Sioux； and used on all festivals； to this were added pemitigon； a dish made of buffalo meat； dried or jerked； and then pounded and mixed raw with grease and a kind of ground potato； dressed like the preparation of Indian corn called hominy； to which it is little inferior。 Of all these luxuries； which were placed before us in platters with horn spoons； we took the pemitigon and the potato； which we found good； but we could as yet partake but sparingly of the dog。〃
The 〃pemitigon〃 mentioned here is better known as pemmican； a sort of dried meat； which may be eaten as prepared； or pounded fine and cooked with other articles of food。 This festival concluded with a grand dance； which at midnight wound up the affair。
As the description of these Tetons； given by Lewis and Clark； will give the reader a good idea of the manners； customs； and personal appearance of most of the Sioux nation； we will copy the journal in full。 It is as follows：
〃The tribe which we this day saw are a part of the great Sioux nation； and are known by the name of the Teton Okandandas： they are about two hundred men in number； and their chief residence is on both sides of the Missouri； between the Chayenne and Teton Rivers。 In their persons they are rather ugly and ill…made； their legs and arms being too small； their cheek…bones high； and their eyes projecting。 The females； with the same character of form； are more handsome； and both sexes appear cheerful and sprightly； but in our intercourse with them we discovered that they were cunning and vicious。
〃The men shave the hair off their heads； except a small tuft on the top； which they suffer to grow； and wear in plaits over the shoulders； to this they seem much attached； as the loss of it is the usual sacrifice at the death of near relations。 In full dress； the men of consideration wear a hawk's feather； or calumet feather worked with porcupine quills； and fastened to the top of the head； from which it falls back。 The face and body are generally painted with a mixture of grease and coal。 Over the shoulders is a loose robe or mantle of buffalo skin dressed white； adorned with porcupine quills； loosely fixed； so as to make a jingling noise when in motion； and painted with various uncouth figures； unintelligible to us； but to them emblematic of military exploits or any other incident： the hair of the robe is worn next the skin in fair weather； but when it rains the hair is put outside； and the robe is either thrown over the arm or wrapped round the body； all of which it may cover。 Under this； in the winter season； they wear a kind of shirt resembling ours； made either of skin or cloth； and covering the arms and body。 Round the middle is fixed a girdle of cloth； or procured dressed elk…skin； about an inch in width； and closely tied to the body； to this is attached a piece of cloth； or blanket； or skin； about a foot wide； which passes between the legs； and is tucked under the girdle both before and behind。 From the hip to the ankle is covered by leggins of dressed antelope skins； with seams at the sides two inches in width； and ornamented by little tufts of hair； the produce of the scalps they have made in war； which are scattered down the leg。 The winter moccasins are of dressed buffalo skin； the hair being worn inward； and soled with thick elk…skin parchment； those for summer are of deer or elk…skin； dressed without the hair； and with soles of elk…skin。 On great occasions； or whenever they are in full dress； the young men drag after them the entire skin of a polecat fixed to the heel of the moccasin。 Another skin of the same animal； either tucked into the girdle or carried in the hand； serves as a pouch for their tobacco； or what the French traders call boi