dle or carried in the hand； serves as a pouch for their tobacco； or what the French traders call bois roule。＇1＇ This is the inner bark of a species of red willow； which； being dried in the sun or over the fire； is； rubbed between the hands and broken into small pieces； and used alone or mixed with tobacco。 The pipe is generally of red earth； the stem made of ash； about three or four feet long； and highly decorated with feathers； hair； and porcupine…quills。
＇1＇ This is bois roule； or 〃rolled wood；〃 a poor kind of tobacco rolled with various kinds of leaves； such as the sumach and dogwood。 The Indian name is kinnikinick。
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〃While on shore to…day we witnessed a quarrel between two squaws； which appeared to be growing every moment more boisterous； when a man came forward； at whose approach every one seemed terrified and ran。 He took the squaws and without any ceremony whipped them severely。 On inquiring into the nature of such summary justice； we learned that this man was an officer well known to this and many other tribes。 His duty is to keep the peace； and the whole interior police of the village is confided to two or three of these officers； who are named by the chief and remain in power some days； at least till the chief appoints a successor。 They seem to be a sort of constable or sentinel； since they are always on the watch to keep tranquillity during the day and guard the camp in the night。 The short duration of the office is compensated by its authority。 His power is supreme； and in the suppression of any riot or disturbance no resistance to him is suffered； his person is sacred； and if in the execution of his duty he strikes even a chief of the second class； he cannot be punished for this salutary insolence。 In general he accompanies the person of the chief； and when ordered to any duty； however dangerous； it is a point of honor rather to die than to refuse obedience。 Thus； when they attempted to stop us yesterday； the chief ordered one of these men to take possession of the boat； he immediately put his arms around the mast； and； as we understood； no force except the command of the chief would have induced him to release his hold。 Like the other men his body is blackened； but his distinguishing mark is a collection of two or three raven…skins fixed to the girdle behind the back in such a way that the tails stick out horizontally from the body。 On his head； too； is a raven…skin split into two parts； and tied so as to let the beak project from the forehead。〃
When the party of explorers subsequently made ready to leave； signs of reluctance to have them go were apparent among the Indians。 Finally； several of the chief warriors sat on the rope that held the boat to the shore。 Irritated by this； Captain Lewis got ready to fire upon the warriors； but； anxious to avoid bloodshed； he gave them more tobacco； which they wanted； and then said to the chief； 〃You have told us that you were a great man； and have influence； now show your influence by taking the rope from those men； and we will then go on without further trouble。〃 This appeal to the chieftain's pride had the desired effect。 The warriors were compelled to give up the rope； which was delivered on board； and the party set sail with a fresh breeze from the southeast。
The explorers were soon out of the country of the Teton Sioux and into that of the Ricaras； or； as these Indians are more commonly called； the Rickarees。
On the first day of October they passed the mouth of a river incorrectly known as Dog River； as if corrupted from the French word chien。 But the true name is Cheyenne； from the Indians who bear that title。 The stream rises in the region called the Black Mountains by Lewis and Clark； on account of the great quantity of dark cedar and pine trees that covered the hills。 This locality is now known as the Black Hills； in the midst of which is the famous mining district of Deadwood。 In these mountains； according to Lewis and Clark； were to be found 〃great quantities of goats； white bear； prairie cocks； and a species of animal which resembled a small elk； with large circular horns。〃 By the 〃white bear〃 the reader must understand that the grizzly bear is meant。 Although this animal； which was first discovered and described by Lewis and Clark； is commonly referred to in the earlier pages of the journal as 〃white；〃 the error naturally came from a desire to distinguish it from the black and the cinnamon…colored bears。 Afterwards； the journal refers to this formidable creature as the grizzly； and again as the grisly。 Certainly； the bear was a grizzled gray； but the name 〃grisly；〃 that is to say； horrible； or frightful； fitted him very well。 The Latin name； ursus horribilis is not unlike one of those of Lewis and Clark's selection。 The animals with circular curled horns； which the explorers thought resembled a small elk； are now known as the Rocky Mountain sheep； or bighorn。 They very little resemble sheep； however； except in color； head； horns； and feet。 They are now so scarce as to be almost extinct。 They were among the discoveries of Lewis and Clark。 The prairie cock is known to western sportsmen as 〃prairie chicken；〃 it is a species of grouse。
It was now early in October； and the weather became very cool。 So great is the elevation of those regions that； although the days might be oppressively warm； the nights were cold and white frosts were frequent。 Crossing the Rocky Mountains at the South Pass； far south of Lewis and Clark's route； emigrants who suffered from intense heat during the middle of day found water in their pails frozen solid in the morning。
The Rickarees were very curious and inquisitive regarding the white men。 But the journal adds： 〃The object which appeared to astonish the Indians most was Captain Clark's servant York； a remarkably stout； strong negro。 They had never seen a being of that color； and therefore flocked round him to examine the extraordinary monster。 By way of amusement； he told them that he had once been a wild animal； and been caught and tamed by his master； and to convince them； showed them feats of strength which； added to his looks； made him more terrible than we wished him to be。〃
〃On October 10th；〃 says the journal； 〃the weather was fine； and as we were desirous of assembling the whole nation at once； we despatched Mr。 Gravelines （a trader）who； with Mr。 Tabeau； another French trader； had breakfasted with usto invite the chiefs of the two upper villages to a conference。 They all assembled at one o'clock； and after the usual ceremonies we addressed them in the same way in which we had already spoken to the Ottoes and Sioux。 We then made or acknowledged three chiefs； one for each of the three villages； giving to each a flag； a medal； a red coat； a cocked hat and feather； also some goods； paint and tobacco； which they divided among themselves。 After this the air…gun was exhibited； very much to their astonishment； nor were they less surprised at the color and manner of York。 On our side we were equally gratified at discovering that these Ricaras made use of no spirituous liquors of any kind； the example of the traders who bring it to them； so far from tempting； having in fact disgusted them。 Supposing that it was as agreeable to them as to the other Indians； we had at first offered them whiskey； but they refused it with this sensible remark； that they were surprised that their father should present to them a liquor which would make them fools。 On another occasion they observed to Mr。 Tabeau that no man could be their friend who tried to lead them into such follies。〃
Presents were exchanged by the Indians and the white men； among the gifts from the former was a quantity of a large； rich bean； which grows wild and is collected by mice。 The Indians hunt for the mice's deposits and cook and eat them。 The Rickarees had a grand powwow with the white chiefs and； after accepting presents； agreed to preserve peace with all men； red or white。 On the thirteenth of the month the explorers discovered a stream which they named Stone…Idol Creek； on account of two stones； resembling human figures； which adorn its banks。 The creek is now known as Spring River； and is in Campbell County； South Dakota。 Concerning the stone images the Indians gave this tradition：
〃A young man was deeply enamoured with a girl whose parents refused their consent to the marriage。 The youth went out into the fields to mourn his misfortunes； a sympathy of feeling led the lady to the same spot； and the faithful dog would not cease to follow his master。 After wandering together and having nothing but grapes to subsist on； they were at last converted into stone； which； beginning at the feet； gradually invaded the nobler parts； leaving nothing unchanged but a bunch of grapes which the female holds in her hand to this day。 Whenever the Ricaras pass these sacred stones； they stop to make some offering of dress to propitiate these deities。 Such is the account given by the Ricara chief； which we had no mode of examining； except that we found one part of the story very agreeably confirmed； for on the river near where the event is said to have occurred we found a greater abundance of fine grapes than we had yet seen。〃
While at their last camp in the country now known as South Dakota； October 14； 1804； one of the soldiers； tried by a court…martial for mutinous conduct； was sentenced to receive seventy…five lashes on the bare back。 The sentence was carried out then and there。 The Rickaree chief； who accompanied the party for a time； was so affected by the sight that he cried aloud during the whole proceeding。 When the reasons for the punishment were explained to him； he acknowledged the justice of the sentence； but said he would have punished the offender with death。 His people； he added； never whip even their children at any age whatever。
On the eighteenth of October； the party reached Cannonball River； which rises in the Black Hills and empties in the Missouri in Morton County； North Dakota。 Its name is derived from the perfectly round； smooth； black stones that line its bed and shores。 Here they saw great numbers of antelope and herds of buffalo； and of elk。 They killed six fallow deer； and next day they counted fifty…two her