the origin of the distinction of ranks- 第23部分

It　was　to　be　expected；　therefore；　that；　while　the　Gothic　invaders；　during　a　long　course　of　bloody　wars；　defaced　the　monuments　of　ancient　literature；　and　wherever　they　came　planted　their　own　barbarous　customs；　they　should；　on　the　other　hand；　suddenly　catch　a　degree　of　knowledge　from　the　conquered　people；　and　make　a　quicker　progress　in　agriculture；　and　some　of　the　coarser　handicrafts　connected　with　it；　than　they　could　have　done　in　the　natural　course　of　things；　had　they　been　left　to　their　own　experience　and　observation。　By　their　repeated　victories；　different　heads　of　families；　or　barons；　were　enabled　to　seize　great　landed　estates。　They　also　acquired　many　captives　in　war；　whom　they　reduced　into　servitude；　and　by　whom　they　were　put　into　a　condition　for　managing　their　extensive　possessions。　　　　　After　the　settlement　of　those　nations　was　completed；　the　members　of　every　large　family　came　to　be　composed　of　two　sorts　of　people；　the　slaves；　acquired　for　the　most　part　by　conquest；　and　the　free　men；　descended　from　a　common　ancestor；　and　maintained　out　of　his　estate。　The　former　were　employed　chiefly　in　cultivating　their　masters'　grounds：　the　latter　supported　the　interest　and　dignity　of　their　leader；　and　in　their　turn　were　protected　by　him。　　　　　The　authority　of　the　baron　was　extremely　absolute　over　all　the　members　of　his　family；　because　they　entirely　depended　upon　him　for　subsistence。　He　obliged　his　slaves　to　labour　at　pleasure；　and　allowed　them　such　recompense　only　as　he　thought　proper。　His　kindred　were　under　the　necessity　of　following　his　banner　in　all　his　military　expeditions。　He　exercised　over　both　a　supreme　jurisdiction；　in　punishing　their　offences；　as　well　as　in　deciding　their　differences；　and　he　subjected　them　to　such　regulations　as　he　judged　convenient；　for　removing　disorders；　or　preventing　future　disputes。　　　　　These　barons；　though　in　a　great　measure　independent；　were　early　united　in　a　larger　society；　under　circumstances　which　gave　rise　to　a　very　peculiar　set　of　institutions。　The　effect　of　that　union；　whence　proceeded　the　system　of　feudal　government　in　Europe；　will　fall　to　be　considered　in　a　subsequent　part　of　this　discourse。　NOTES：　1。　Mr　Kolben　relates；　that　one　of　the　Dutch　governors　at　the　Cape　of　Good　Hope　brought　up　a　Hottentot　according　to　the　fashions　and　customs　of　the　Europeans；　teaching　him　several　languages；　and　instructing　him　fully　in　the　principles　of　the　Christian　religion；　at　the　same　time　clothing　him　handsomely；　and　treating　him　in　all　respects　as　a　person　for　whom　he　had　an　high　esteem；　and　whom　he　desired　for　some　beneficial　and　honourable　employment。　The　governor　afterwards　sent　him　to　Batavia　where　he　was　employed　under　the　commissary　for　some　time；　till　that　gentleman　died；　and　then　he　returned　to　the　Cape　of　Good　Hope。　But　having　paid　a　visit　to　the　Hottentots　of　his　acquaintance；　he　threw　off　all　his　fine　clothes；　bundled　them　up；　laid　them　at　the　governor's　feet　and　desired　he　might　be　allowed　to　renounce　his　Christianity；　and　to　live　and　die　in　the　religion　and　customs　of　his　ancestors；　only　requesting　that　he　might　be　permitted　to　keep　the　hanger　and　collar　which　he　wore；　in　token　of　his　regard　to　his　benefactor。　While　the　governor　was　deliberating　upon　this；　scarce　believing　the　fellow　to　be　in　earnest；　the　young　Hottentot　took　the　opportunity　of　running　away；　and　never　afterwards　came　near　the　Cape；　thinking　himself　happy　that　he　had　ex…　changed　his　European　dress　for　a　sheep…skin；　and　that　he　had　abandoned　the　hopes　of　preferment　for　the　society　of　his　relations　and　countrymen。　　　　　The　English　East…India　Company　made　the　like　experiment　upon　two　young　Hottentots；　but　with　no　better　success。　2。　'Whenever　they　went　to　war；　and　a　captain　had　to　be　elected　among　them。　they　took　a　large　beam　and　put　it　on　their　shoulders　one　by　one；　and　the　one　who　carried　it　for　the　longest　time　was　made　their　commander。　Many　of　them　carried　it　for　4；　5；　and　6　hours；　but　one　of　them　finally　carried　it　for　24　hours；　and　that　one　was　recognized　as　their　leader。'　Voyage　d'Olivier　de　Noort。　Recueil　de　voy。　qui　ont　servi　a　l'etab。　de　la　comp。　Dans　les　Indes　Orient。　des　Pais　Bas。　3。　Montaigne's　essays；　p。　169。　Paris　1604；　8vo。　　　　　It　has　been　remarked；　that　all　animals　which　live　in　herds　or　flocks　are　apt　to　fall　under　the　authority　of　a　single　leader　of　superior　strength　or　courage。　Of　this　a　curious　instance　is　mentioned　by　the　author　of　Commodore　Anson's　voyage。　'The　largest　sea…lion；'　says　he；　'was　the　master　of　the　flock；　and；　from　the　number　of　females　he　kept　to　himself；　and　his　driving　off　the　males；　was　styled　by　the　seamen　the　bashaw。　As　they　are　of　a　very　lethargic　disposition；　and　are　not　easily　awakened；　it　is　observed；　that　each　herd　places　some　of　their　males　at　a　distance　in　the　manner　of　sentinels；　who　always　give　the　alarm　whenever　any　attempt　is　made　either　to　molest　or　approach　them；　by　making　a　loud　grunting　noise　like　a　hog；　or　snorting　like　a　horse　in　full　vigour。　The　males　had　often　furious　battles　with　each　other；　chiefly　about　the　females；　and　the　bashaw　just　mentioned；　who　was　commonly　surrounded　by　his　females；　to　which　no　other　male　dared　to　approach；　had　acquired　that　distinguished　pre…eminence　by　many　bloody　contests；　as　was　evident　from　the　numerous　scars　visible　in　all　parts　of　his　body。'　　　　　In　a　herd　of　deer；　the　authority　of　the　master…buck；　founded　upon　his　superior　strength；　is　not　less　conspicuous。　4。　Judges；　chap。　x；　ver。　18　chap。　xi；　ver。　1；　etc。　5。　1　Samuel；　chap。　x；　ver。　23；　24。　6。　1　Samuel；　chap。　xviii；　ver。　6；　7。　7。　The　admiration　and　respect　derived　from　the　possession　of　superior　fortune；　is　very　fully　beautiful　illustrated　by　the　eloquent　and　ingenious　author　of　the　Theory　of　Moral　Sentiments。　8。　Genesis；　chap。　xx；　ver。　9。　　We　read；　however；　of　Abraham's　buying　a　field　for　the　particular　purpose　of　a　burying　place；　and　of　his　having　weighed；　as　the　price；　four　hundred　shekels　of　silver；　current　money　with　the　merchant。　9。　That　land　is　appropriated　by　tribes　before　it　becomes　the　property　of　individuals；　has　been　observed　by　Dr　Stuart；　in　his　acute　dissertation　concerning　the　antiquity　of　the　English　constitution。　10。　Tactitus；　de　mor。　Germ。　11。　Caesar；　de　bell。　Gall。　lib。　4；　cap。　1。　12。　Obtorto　collo。　13。　This　is　particularly　the　case　among　the　Hurons　and　Natchez。　Journal　historique　d'un　voyage　de　l'Amerique；　par　Charlevoix；　let。　30。　Nouveaux　voyages　aux　Indes　orientales；　tom。　1；；　p。　42。　14。　'The　authority　of　the　Chiefs　properly　extends　only　over　those　members　of　their　tribe　whom　they　look　upon　as　their　children。。。。　Their　power　does　not　appear　to　have　an　absolute　character；　and　they　do　not　seem　to　have　any　way　of　compelling　obedience　in　case　of　resistance。　Nevertheless　obedience　is　rendered　them；　and　they　command　with　authority；　＇even　though＇　their　commands　have　the　force　merely　of　requests；　and　the　obedience　rendered　them　appears　entirely　voluntary。。。。　Although　the　Chiefs　　except　in　a　few　particular　instances　　bear　no　outward　marks　of　distinction　or　of　superiority；　　so　much　so　that　one　cannot　distinguish　them　from　the　people　by　any　honours　one　needs　to　render　them；　　there　is　yet　no　lack　of　a　certain　respect　paid　them。　It　is；　however；　on　public　occasions；　above　all；　that　their　dignity　is　exalted。　The　councils　assemble　on　their　orders；　the　meeting　being　held　in　their　＇the　Chiefs'＇　homes　（cabanes）　unless　there　is　available　a　public　hall；　like　our　City　Halls；　specially　set　aside　for　council　meetings；　business　is　conducted　in　their　name；　they　preside　at　all　kinds　of　meeting；　they　have　a　considerable　part　in　festive　occasions　and　in　the　general　distributions。。。。　For　fear　that　the　Chiefs　might　usurp　too　much　authority；　and　try　to　take　on　unlimited　powers；　they　are　'bridled'　as　it　were；　by　the　assignment　to　them　of　coadjutants　（Adjoints）　who　share　with　them　the　sovereignty　over　the　land；　and　these　are　called　Agoianders　by　them。。。。　Next　in　authority　to　the　Agoianders　is　the　Senate；　composed　of　senior　members　of　the　community　of　Elders；　called　in　their　language　Agokstenha：　the　number　of　these　senators　is　not　a　fixed　one　　any　one　has　the　right　to　enter　this　council　to　give　it　his　vote。'　＇Millar　should　have　continued　the　quotation　to　include；　'whenever　he　has　achieved　the　maturity　of　years；　understanding　and　knowledge　of　affairs　that　would　make　him　deserving　of　this　privilege；　etc。'＇　P。　Jos。　Fr。　Lafitau；　Moeurs　des　sauvages　Ameriquains；　4to　？Paris；　1724；　tom。　i；　pp。　472…475　＇4　vol。　ed。；　also　Paris；　1724；　tom。　ii；　pp。　173…6＇。　15。　'Responsibility　for　dealing　with　criminal　affairs　belong　immediately　to　those　of　the　kin…group　＇cabane＇　of　the　guilty　parties；　with　respect　to　＇out　of　regard　for？＇　the　guilty　themselves；　when　anyone　has　killed　a　fellow　member　of　his　own　kin…group。　As　it　is　assumed　that　the　right　over　life　and　death　belong　to　the　parties　mutually　involved；　the　village　appears　not　to　be　concerned　with　the　disorder　which　has　arisen。。。。　The　matter　takes　on　an　entirely　different　character；　however；　when　murder　has　been　committed　involving　a　member　of　another　cabane；　of　another　tribe　or　village；　or　even　more；　of　a　foreign　nation；　for　then　this　death　by　violence　becomes　the　concern　of　the　entire　community。　Everyone　takes　sides　with　the　deceased；　and　this　contributes；　in　a　manner；　toward　the　restitution　of　the　spirit　　such　is　their　expression　　to　the　relatives　aggrieved　by　the　loss　which　they　have　sustained。　All　are　at　the　same　time　interested　in　saving　the　life　of　the　offender　and　in　protecting　his　relatives　from　the　vengeance　of　the　others；　which　would　not　fail　to　break　out　sooner　or　later　if　one　had　failed　to　make　the　proper　satisfaction　prescribed　for　such　cases　by　their　laws　and　by　their　customs。　There　are；　however；　occasions　where　the　crime　is　considered　so　heinous　that　one　is　no　longer　concerned　with　the　protection　of　the　murderer；　and　the　Council；　using　its　supreme　authority；　takes　pains　to　effect　his　punishment。'　Ibid。　pp。　486　f。；　490；　495　＇respectively　II；　pp。　185　f。；　189；　193；＇　Also；　tom。　2；　p。　167　＇III；　pp。　154　f。＇　＇Translations　my　own。　Ed。＇　See　also　the　view　which　is　given　of　the　state　of　government　among　the　Americans；　by　P。　Charlevoix；　Journal　historique　d'un　voyage　de　l'Amerique；　let。　13；　18。　16。　'The　Arabian　tribes；　though　they　have　been　for　many　ages　under　the　Turkish　yoke；　are　justice；　or　i