¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡shades¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡character¡¡strike¡¡the¡¡eye¡¡more¡¡rapidly¡¡than¡¡
those¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Lacedaemonian£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡darker£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡
they¡¡are¡¡on¡¡a¡¡brighter¡¡ground¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡law¡¡of¡¡ostracism¡¡is¡¡an¡¡instance¡¡of¡¡this¡£¡¡
Nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡conceived¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡odious¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡practice¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡punishing¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
citizen£»¡¡¡¡¡¡simply¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡professedly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡eminence£»and¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
institutions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Athens¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡frequently¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡justly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡censured¡£¡¡
Lacedaemon¡¡was¡¡free¡¡from¡¡this¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡why£¿¡¡Lacedaemon¡¡did¡¡not¡¡need¡¡it¡£¡¡
Oligarchy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡ostracism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡itself£»an¡¡¡¡¡¡ostracism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡occasional£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡
permanent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dubious£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Her¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡prevented¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
development¡¡of¡¡merit¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡attacking¡¡its¡¡maturity¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡did¡¡not¡¡cut¡¡
down¡¡the¡¡plant¡¡in¡¡its¡¡high¡¡and¡¡palmy¡¡state£»¡¡but¡¡cursed¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡with¡¡eternal¡¡
sterility¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡spite¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡law¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡ostracism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Athens¡¡¡¡¡¡produced£»¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
hundred¡¡and¡¡fifty¡¡years£»¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡public¡¡men¡¡that¡¡ever¡¡existed¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Whom¡¡
had¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sparta¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡ostracise£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡She¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡produced£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡most£»¡¡¡¡¡¡four¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡eminent¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡men£»¡¡
Brasidas£»¡¡Gylippus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Lysander£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡Agesilaus¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡these£»¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡rose¡¡to¡¡
distinction¡¡within¡¡her¡¡jurisdiction¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡only¡¡when¡¡they¡¡escaped¡¡from¡¡
the¡¡region¡¡within¡¡which¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡aristocracy¡¡withered¡¡everything¡¡
good¡¡and¡¡noble£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡only¡¡when¡¡they¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡Lacedaemonians£»¡¡that¡¡
they¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Brasidas£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡cities¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Thrace£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
strictly¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡democratical¡¡¡¡¡¡leader£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡favourite¡¡¡¡¡¡minister¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡general¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
people¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡same¡¡may¡¡be¡¡said¡¡of¡¡Gylippus£»¡¡at¡¡Syracuse¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lysander£»¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡Hellespont£»¡¡and¡¡Agesilaus£»¡¡in¡¡Asia£»¡¡were¡¡liberated¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
hateful¡¡restraints¡¡imposed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡constitution¡¡of¡¡Lycurgus¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Both¡¡acquired¡¡
fame¡¡¡¡¡¡abroad£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡returned¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡watched¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡depressed¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡home¡£¡¡
This¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡peculiar¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Sparta¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Oligarchy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡wherever¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡existed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡
always¡¡¡¡¡¡stunted¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡growth¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡genius¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Rome£»¡¡¡¡¡¡till¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
century¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Christian¡¡¡¡¡¡era£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡read¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡abundance¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡consuls¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
dictators¡¡who¡¡won¡¡battles£»¡¡and¡¡enjoyed¡¡triumphs£»¡¡but¡¡we¡¡look¡¡in¡¡vain¡¡for¡¡a¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡143¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡144¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡WRITINGS¡¡AND¡¡SPEECHES¡¡OF¡¡LORD¡¡MACAULAY¡¡
single¡¡man¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡order¡¡of¡¡intellect£»for¡¡a¡¡Pericles£»¡¡a¡¡Demosthenes£»¡¡or¡¡
a¡¡¡¡¡¡Hannibal¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Gracchi¡¡¡¡¡¡formed¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡strong¡¡¡¡¡¡democratical¡¡¡¡¡¡party£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Marius¡¡
revived¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡foundations¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡aristocracy¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡shaken£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡
generations¡¡fertile¡¡in¡¡really¡¡great¡¡men¡¡appeared¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Venice¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡remarkable¡¡¡¡¡¡instance£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡history¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡see¡¡
nothing¡¡but¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡aristocracy¡¡had¡¡destroyed¡¡every¡¡seed¡¡of¡¡genius¡¡and¡¡
virtue¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Her¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dominion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡herself£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lofty¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡magnificent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡
founded¡¡on¡¡filth¡¡and¡¡weeds¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡God¡¡forbid¡¡that¡¡there¡¡should¡¡ever¡¡again¡¡exist¡¡
a¡¡¡¡¡¡powerful¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡civilised¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡state£»¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡existing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡thirteen¡¡
hundred¡¡¡¡¡¡eventful¡¡¡¡¡¡years£»¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡bequeath¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡mankind¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡memory¡¡¡¡of¡¡
one¡¡great¡¡name¡¡or¡¡one¡¡generous¡¡action¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Many¡¡writers£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡Mr¡¡¡¡¡¡Mitford¡¡among¡¡the¡¡number£»¡¡¡¡have¡¡admired¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
stability¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Spartan¡¡¡¡¡¡institutions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡fact£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡admire£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
less¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡approve¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Oligarchy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡weakest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡stable¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
governments£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡stable¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡weak¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡sort¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
valetudinarian¡¡longevity£»¡¡it¡¡lives¡¡in¡¡the¡¡balance¡¡of¡¡Sanctorius£»¡¡it¡¡takes¡¡no¡¡
exercise£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡exposes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡accident£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡seized¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡
hypochondriac¡¡alarm¡¡at¡¡every¡¡new¡¡sensation£»¡¡it¡¡trembles¡¡at¡¡every¡¡breath£»¡¡it¡¡
lets¡¡blood¡¡for¡¡every¡¡inflammation£º¡¡and¡¡thus£»¡¡without¡¡ever¡¡enjoying¡¡a¡¡day¡¡
of¡¡health¡¡or¡¡pleasure£»¡¡drags¡¡on¡¡its¡¡existence¡¡to¡¡a¡¡doting¡¡and¡¡debilitated¡¡old¡¡
age¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Spartans¡¡¡¡¡¡purchased¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡prolongation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡
existence¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sacrifice¡¡of¡¡happiness¡¡at¡¡home¡¡and¡¡dignity¡¡abroad¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡
cringed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡powerful£»¡¡they¡¡trampled¡¡on¡¡the¡¡weak£»¡¡they¡¡massacred¡¡their¡¡
helots£»¡¡they¡¡betrayed¡¡their¡¡allies£»¡¡they¡¡contrived¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡day¡¡too¡¡late¡¡for¡¡the¡¡
battle¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Marathon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡attempted¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡avoid¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡battle¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Salamis£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡
suffered¡¡the¡¡Athenians£»¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡owed¡¡their¡¡lives¡¡and¡¡liberties£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡
second¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡driven¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Persians£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡
finish¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fortifications¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Isthmus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attempted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡take¡¡
advantage¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡distress¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡exertions¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡cause¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡reduced¡¡
their¡¡preservers£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡make¡¡them¡¡their¡¡slaves£»¡¡they¡¡strove¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡
those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡abandoned¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡walls¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡defend¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡rebuilding¡¡
them¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡defend¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡commenced¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
violation¡¡of¡¡their¡¡engagements¡¡with¡¡Athens£»¡¡they¡¡abandoned¡¡it¡¡in¡¡violation¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡144¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡145¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡WRITINGS¡¡AND¡¡SPEECHES¡¡OF¡¡LORD¡¡MACAULAY¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡engagements¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡allies£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡gave¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sword¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡
cities¡¡which¡¡had¡¡placed¡¡themselves¡¡under¡¡their¡¡protection£»¡¡they¡¡bartered£»¡¡
for¡¡advantages¡¡confined¡¡to¡¡themselves£»¡¡the¡¡interest£»¡¡the¡¡freedom£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡
lives¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡had¡¡served¡¡them¡¡most¡¡faithfully£»¡¡they¡¡took¡¡with¡¡equal¡¡
complacency£»¡¡and¡¡equal¡¡infamy£»¡¡the¡¡stripes¡¡of¡¡Elis¡¡and¡¡the¡¡bribes¡¡of¡¡Persia£»¡¡
they¡¡never¡¡showed¡¡either¡¡resentment¡¡or¡¡gratitude£»¡¡they¡¡abstained¡¡from¡¡no¡¡
injury£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡revenged¡¡none¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Above¡¡all£»¡¡they¡¡looked¡¡on¡¡a¡¡citizen¡¡who¡¡
served¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡deadliest¡¡¡¡¡¡enemy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡arts¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
protract¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡government¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Nor¡¡were¡¡the¡¡domestic¡¡institutions¡¡of¡¡Lacedaemon¡¡less¡¡hateful¡¡or¡¡less¡¡
contemptible¡¡than¡¡her¡¡foreign¡¡policy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡perpetual¡¡interference¡¡with¡¡every¡¡
part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡¡¡life£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡constant¡¡¡¡¡¡struggle¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
reason£»¡¡characterised¡¡all¡¡her¡¡laws¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡violate¡¡even¡¡prejudices¡¡which¡¡have¡¡
taken¡¡deep¡¡root¡¡in¡¡the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡a¡¡people¡¡is¡¡scarcely¡¡expedient£»¡¡to¡¡think¡¡of¡¡
extirpating¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appetites¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡passions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡frantic£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡external¡¡
symptoms¡¡may¡¡be¡¡occasionally¡¡repressed£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡feeling¡¡still¡¡exists£»¡¡and£»¡¡
debarred¡¡from¡¡its¡¡natural¡¡objects£»¡¡preys¡¡on¡¡the¡¡disordered¡¡mind¡¡and¡¡body¡¡
of¡¡its¡¡victim¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡convents¡thus¡¡it¡¡is¡¡among¡¡ascetic¡¡sectsthus¡¡
it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Lacedaemonians¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡arose¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡madness£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡
violence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡approaching¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡madness£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡spite¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡external¡¡
restraint£»¡¡often¡¡appeared¡¡among¡¡the¡¡most¡¡distinguished¡¡citizens¡¡of¡¡Sparta¡£¡¡
Cleomenes¡¡¡¡¡¡terminated¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡career¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡raving¡¡¡¡¡¡cruelty¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡cutting¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
pieces¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Pausanias¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡absolutely¡¡¡¡¡¡insane£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡formed¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
hopeless¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡profligate¡¡¡¡¡¡scheme£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡betrayed¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ostentation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡
behaviour£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡imprudence¡¡of¡¡his¡¡measures£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡alienated£»¡¡by¡¡his¡¡
insolence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡served¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡protected¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Xenophon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
warm¡¡admirer¡¡of¡¡Lacedaemon£»¡¡furnishes¡¡us¡¡with¡¡the¡¡strongest¡¡evidence¡¡to¡¡
this¡¡effect¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡not¡¡to¡¡observe¡¡the¡¡brutal¡¡and¡¡senseless¡¡fury¡¡
which¡¡characterises¡¡almost¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡Spartan¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡connected¡£¡¡
Clearchus¡¡nearly¡¡lost¡¡his¡¡life¡¡by¡¡his¡¡cruelty¡£¡¡Chirisophus¡¡deprived¡¡his¡¡army¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡services¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡faithful¡¡¡¡¡¡guide¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡unreasonable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡ferocious¡¡
severity¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡needless¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡multiply¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡instances¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lycurgus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Mr¡¡
Mitford's¡¡¡¡¡¡favourite¡¡¡¡¡¡legislator£»¡¡¡¡¡¡founded¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡mistaken¡¡
principle¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡¡¡¡¡considered¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡governments¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡men£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡145¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡146¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡WRITINGS¡¡AND¡¡SPEECHES¡¡OF¡¡LORD¡¡MACAULAY¡¡
and¡¡not¡¡men¡¡for¡¡governments¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Instead¡¡of¡¡adapting¡¡the¡¡constitution¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
people£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡distorted¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡minds¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡suit¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡constitution£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
scheme¡¡worthy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Laputan¡¡Academy¡¡of¡¡Projectors¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡this¡¡appears¡¡
to¡¡Mr¡¡Mitford¡¡to¡¡constitute¡¡his¡¡peculiar¡¡title¡¡to¡¡admiration¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hear¡¡himself£º¡¡
¡¨What¡¡to¡¡modern¡¡eyes¡¡most¡¡strikingly¡¡sets¡¡that¡¡extraordinary¡¡man¡¡above¡¡
all¡¡other¡¡legislators¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡in¡¡so¡¡many¡¡circumstances£»¡¡apparently¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
reach¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡law£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡controlled¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡formed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡mind¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡wills¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
habits¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡suppose¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡gentleman¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
advantage¡¡of¡¡receiving¡¡his¡¡education¡¡under¡¡the¡¡ferula¡¡of¡¡Dr¡¡Pangloss£»¡¡for¡¡
his¡¡¡¡¡¡metaphysics¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡clearly¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡castle¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Thunder¡ten¡tronckh£º¡¡
¡¨Remarquez¡¡bien¡¡que¡¡les¡¡nez¡¡ont¡¡ete¡¡faits¡¡pour¡¡porter¡¡des¡¡lunettes£»¡¡aussi¡¡
avons¡¡nous¡¡des¡¡lunettes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Les¡¡jambes¡¡sont¡¡visiblement¡¡institues¡¡pour¡¡etre¡¡
chaussees£»¡¡et¡¡nous¡¡avons¡¡des¡¡chausses¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Les¡¡cochons¡¡etant¡¡faits¡¡pour¡¡etre¡¡
manges£»¡¡nous¡¡mangeons¡¡du¡¡porc¡¡toute¡¡l'annee¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡Athens¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡did¡¡not¡¡constantly¡¡interfere¡¡with¡¡the¡¡tastes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
people¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡children¡¡were¡¡not¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡their¡¡parents¡¡by¡¡that¡¡universal¡¡
step¡mother£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡starved¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡th
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£
ÔÞÒ»ÏÂ
Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü