vill3- 第4部分

n；　each　component　part　is　more　or　less　irregular；　because　instead　of　the　acres　and　half…acres　the　real　ground　presents　strips　of　a　very　capricious　shape。　And　so　we　must　come　to　the　conclusion；　that　the　hide；　the　virgate；　the　bovate；　in　short　every　holding　mentioned　in　the　surveys；　appears　primarily　as　an　artificial；　administrative；　and　fiscal　unit　which　corresponds　only　in　a　very　rough　way　to　the　agrarian　reality。　　　　　This　conclusion　coincides　with　the　most　important　fact；　that　the　reckoning　of　acres　in　regard　to　the　plough…team　is　entirely　different　in　the　treatises　on　husbandry　from　what　it　is　in　the　manorial　records　drawn　up　for　the　purpose　of　an　assessment　of　duties　and　payments。　Walter　of　Henley　and　Fleta　reckon　180　acres　to　the　plough　in　a　three…field　system；　and　160　in　a　two…field　system。　Now　these　figures　are　quite　exceptional　in　surveys；　whereas　120　acres　is　most　usual　without　any　distinction　as　to　the　course　of　rotation　of　crops。　The　relation　between　the　three…field　ploughland　of　180　acres　and　the　hide　of　120　suggests　the　inference　that　the　official　assessment　started　from　the　prevalence　of　the　three…field　rotation；　and　disregarded　the　fallow。　But　the　inference　is　hardly　sufficient　to　explain　the　facts　of　the　case。　The　way　towards　a　solution　of　the　problem　is　indicated　by　the　terminology　of　the　Ely　surveys　in　the　British　Museum。　These　documents　very　often　mention　virgates　and　full　yardlands　of　twelve　acres　de　ware；　on　the　other　hand；　the　Court　Rolls　from　Edward　I's　time　till　Elizabeth's；　and　a　survey　of　the　reign　of　Edward　III；　show　the　virgate　to　consist　of　twenty…four　acres。（36*）　The　virgate　de　ware　corresponds　usually　to　one…half　of　the　real　virgate；　I　say　usually；　because　in　one　case　it　is　reckoned　to　contain　eighteen　acres　in　the　place　of　twenty…four　mentioned　in　the　rolls　and　the　later　survey。（37*）　Such　'acre　ware'　are　to　be　found；　though　rarely；　in　other　manors　besides　those　of　Ely　minster。（38*）　The　contradiction　between　the　documents　may　be　taken　at　first　glance　to　originate　in　a　difference　between　the　number　of　acres　under　actual　tillage　and　the　number　of　acres　comprised　in　the　holding：　perhaps　the　first　reckoning　leaves　out　the　fallow。　This　explanation　has　been　tried　by　Mr　O。　Pell；　the　present　owner　of　one　of　the　Ely　manors　he　started　it　in　connexion　with　an　etymology　which　brought　together　'ware'　and　'warectum'：　on　this　assumption　twelve　acres　appeared　instead　of　twenty…four；　because　the　fallow　of　the　two…field　system　was　left　out　of　the　reckoning。　But　this　reading　of　the　evidence　does　not　seem　satisfactory。　It　is　one…sided　at　the　least。　Why　should　the　holding　from　which　the　'warectum'　has　been　left　out　get　its　name　from　the　'warectum'？　How　is　one　to　explain　either　from　the　two…field　or　from　the　three…field　system　the　case　when　eighteen　'acre　ware'　correspond　to　twenty…four　common　acres；　or　the　even　more　perplexing　case　when　eighteen　acres　of　'ware'　go　to　the　full　land　and　twelve　to　half…a…full　land？（39*）　In　fact；　this　last　instance　does　not　admit　of　any　explanation　from　natural　conditions；　because　in　the　natural　course　of　things　twelve　will　never　come　to　be　one…half　of　eighteen。　Thus　we　are　driven　to　assume　that　the　'ware'　reckoning　is　an　artificial　one：　as　such　it　could；　of　course；　treat　the　half…holdings　in　a　different　way　from　the　full　holdings。　Now　the　only　possible　basis　for　an　artificial　distribution　seems　to　be　the　assessment　of　rents　and　labour。　Starting　from　this　assumption　we　shall　have　to　say　that　the　virgate　'de　wara'　represents　a　unit　of　assessment　in　which　twelve　really　existing　acres　have　been　left　out　of　the　reckoning。　The　assessment　stretches　only　over　half　the　area　occupied　by　the　real　holding。　　　　　The　conclusion　we　have　come　to　is　corroborated　by　the　meaning　of　the　word　'wara。'　The　etymological　connexion　with　warectum　is　not　sound；　the　meaning　may　be　best　brought　out　by　a　comparison　with　those　instances　where　the　word　is　used　without　a　direct　reference　to　the　number　of　acres。　We　often　find　the　expression　'ad　inwaram'　in　Domesday；　and　it　corresponds　to　the　plain　'ad　gildam　Regis'。　If　a　manor　is　said　to　contain　seven　hides　ad　inwaram；　it　is　meant　that　it　pays　to　the　king　for　seven　hides；　although　there　may　have　been　more　than　seven　ploughteams　and　ploughlands。　Another　expression　of　like　import　is；　'pro　sextem　hidis　se　defendit　erga　Regem。'　The　Burton　Cartulary；　the　earliest　survey　after　Domesday；　employed　the　word　'wara'　in　the　same　sense。（40*）　It　is　not　difficult　to　draw　the　inference　from　the　above…mentioned　facts：　the　etymological　connexion　for　'wara'　is　to　be　sought　in　the　German　word　for　defence　　'wehre。'　The　manor　defends　itself　or　answers　to　the　king　for　seven　hides。　The　expression　could　get　other　special　significations　besides　the　one　discussed：　we　find　it　for　the　poll…tax；　by　which　a　freeman　defends　himself　in　regard　to　the　state；（41*）　and　for　the　weir；　which　prevents　the　fish　from　escaping　into　the　river。（42*）　　　　　This　origin　and　use　of　the　term　is　of　considerable。　importance；　because　it　shows　the　artificial　character　of　the　system　and　its　close　connexion　with　the　taxation　by　the　State。　This　is　a　disturbing　element　which　ought　to　be　taken　into　account　by　the　side　of　the　agrarian　influence。　There　cannot　be　the　slightest　doubt　that　the　assessment　started　from　actual　facts；　from　existing　agrarian　conditions　and　divisions。　The　hide；　the　yardland；　the　oxgang　existed　not　only　in　the　geld…rolls；　but　in　fact　and　on　the　ground。　But　in　geld…rolls　they　appeared　with　a　regularity　they　did　not　possess　in　real　fact；　the　rolls　express　all　modifications　in　the　modes　of　farming　and　all　exemptions；　not　in　the　shape　of　any　qualification　or　lighter　assessment　of　single　plots；　but　by　way　of　striking　off　from　the　number　of　these　plots；　or　from　the　number　of　acres　in　them；　the　object　which　in　modern　times　would　be　effected　by　the　registration　of　a　'rateable　value'　differing　from　the　'actual　value'　was　effected　in　ancient　times　by　the　registration　of　a　'rateable　size'　differing　from　the　'actual　size'；　lastly；　the　surveys　and　rolls　of　assessment　do　not　keep　time　with　the　actual　facts；　and　often　reflect；　by　their　figures　and　statistics；　the　conditions　of　bygone　periods。　The　hides　of　the　geld　or　of　the　'wara'　tend　to　become　constant　and　rigid：　it　is　difficult　for　the　king's　officers　to　alter　their　estimates；　and　the　people　subjected　to　the　tax　try　in　every　way　to　guard　against　novelties　and　encroachments。　The　real　agrarian　hide…area　is　changing　at　the　same　time　because　the　population　increases；　new　tenements　are　formed；　and　new　land　is　reclaimed。　　　　　We　find　at　every　step　in　our　records　that　the　assessment　and　the　agrarian　conditions　do　not　coincide。　If　a　manor　has　been　given　to　a　convent　in　free　almoign　（in　liberam　et　perpetuam　eleemosynam）；　that　is；　free　from　all　taxes　and　payments　to　the　State；　there　is　no　reason　to　describe　it　in　units　of　assessment；　and　in　fact　such　property　often　appears　in　manorial　records　without　any　'hidation'　or　reckoning　of　knight…fees。（43*）　The　Ramsey　Cartulary　tells　us　that　the　land　in　Hulme　was　not　divided　into　hides　and　virgates。（44*）　There　are　holdings；　of　course；　and　they　are　equal；　but　they　are　estimated　in　acres。　When　the　hidation　has　been　laid　on　the　land　and　taxes　are　paid　from　it；　the　smaller　subdivisions　are　sometimes　omitted：　the　artificial　system　of　taxation　does　not　go　very　deep　into　details。　Even　if　most　part　of　the　land　has　been　brought　under　the　operation　of　that　system；　some　plots　are　left　which　do　not　participate　in　the　common　payments；　and　therefore　are　said　to　be　'out　of　the　hide'。（45*）　Such　being　the　case；　there　can　be　no　wonder　that　one　of　the　Ramsey　manors　answers　to　the　king　for　ten　hides；　and　to　the　abbot　for　eleven　and　a…half。（46*）　　　　　It　is　to　be　noted　especially；　that　although　in　a　few　cases　a　difference　is　made　between　the　division　for　royal　assessment　and　for　the　manorial　impositions；　in　the　great　majority　of　cases　no　such　difference　exists；　and　the　duties　in　regard　to　the　king　and　to　the　lord　are　reckoned　according　to　the　same　system　of　holdings。　On　the　manors　of　Ely；　for　instance；　the　12　acreware　（47*）　form　the　basis　of　all　the　reckoning　of　rents　and　work。　And　so　if　the　royal　assessment　appear　with　the　features　of　an　artificial　fiscal　arrangement；　the　same　observation　has　to　be　extended　to　the　manorial　assessment；　and　thus　we　reach　by　another　way　the　same　conclusion　which　we　drew　from　an　analysis　of　the　single　holding　and　of　its　component　parts。　No　doubt　the　whole　stands　in　close　relation　to　the　reality　of　cultivation　and　land…holding；　but　the　rigidity；　regularity；　and　correctness　of　the　system　present　a　necessary　contrast　to　the　facts　of　actual　life。　As　the　soil　could　not　be　made　to　fit　into　geometrical　squares；　even　so　the　population　could　not　remain　without　change　from　one　age　to　the　other　within　the　same　boundaries。　Thus　in　course　of　time　the　plough…land　of　160　and　180　acres；　which　is　the　plough…land　of　practical　farming；　appears　by　the　side　of　the　statutory　hide　of　120　acres；　and　so　again　inside　every　single　holding　there　comes　up　the　contrast　between　its　real　conformation　and　distribution；　and　the　outward　form　it　assumed　in　regard　to　the　king；　the　lord；　and　the　steward。　　　　　The　inquiry　as　to　the　relation　between　the　holding　and　the　population　on　it　is；　of　course；　of　the　utmost　importance　for　a　general　estimate　of　the　arrangement。　From　a　formal　point　of　view　the　question　is　soon　solved：　on　the　one　hand；　the　holding　of　the　villain　remains　undivided　and　entire；　it　does　not　admit　of　partition　by　sale　or　descent；　on　the　other；　the　will　of　the　lord　may　alter；　if　necessary；　the　natural　course　of　inheritance　and　possession；　the　socage　tenure　is　often　free　from　the　first　of　these　limitations；　and　always　free　from　the　second。　The　indivisibility　of　villain　tenements　is　chiefly　conspicuous　in　the　law　of　inheritance：　all　the　land　went　to　one　of　the　sons　if　there　were　several；　very　often　the　youngest　inherited；　and　this　custom；　to　which　mere　chance　has　given　the　name　of　Borough　English；　was　considered　as　one　of　the　proofs　of　villainage。（48*）　It　is　certainly　a　custom　of　great　importance；　and　probably　it　depended　on　the　fact　that　the　elder　brothers　left　the　land　at　the　earliest　opportunity；　and　during　their　father's　life。　Where　did　they　go？　It　is　easy　to　guess　that　they