vill3- 第5部分

rliest　opportunity；　and　during　their　father's　life。　Where　did　they　go？　It　is　easy　to　guess　that　they　sought　work　out　of　the　manor；　as　craftsmen　or　labourers；　that　they　served　the　lord　as　servants；　ploughmen；　and　the　like；　that　they　were　provided　with　holdings；　which　for　some　reason　did　not　descend　to　male　heirs；　that　they　were　endowed　with　some　demesne　land；　or　fitted　out　to　reclaim　land　from　the　waste。　We　may　find　for　all　these　suppositions　some　supporting　quotation　in　the　records。　And　still　it　would　be　hard　to　believe　that　the　entire　increase　of　population　found　an　exit　by　these　by…paths。　If　no　exit　was　found；　the　brothers　had　to　remain　on　their　father's　plot；　and　the　fact　that　they　did　so　can　be　proved；　if　it　needs　proof；　from　documents。（49*）　The　unity　of　the　holding　was　not　disturbed　in　the　case；　there　was　no　division；　and　only　the　right　heir；　the　estiopamon　as　they　said　in　Sparta；　had　to　answer　for　the　services；　the　lord　looked　to　him　and　no　further；　but　in　point　of　fact　the　holding　contained　more　than　one　family；　and　perhaps　more　than　one　household。　However　this　may　be；　in　regard　to　the　lord　the　holding　remained　one　and　undivided。　This　circumstance　draws　a　sharp　line　between　the　feudal　arrangement　of　most　counties　and　that　which　prevailed　in　Kent。　The　gavelkind　or　tributary　tenure　there　was　subjected　to　equal　partition　among　the　heirs。　　　　　Let　us　take　a　Kentish　survey；　the　Black　Book　of　St。　Augustine's；　Canterbury；　for　instance：　it　describes　the　peasant　holdings　in　a　way　which　differs　entirely　from　other　surveys。　It　begins　by　stating　what　duties　lie　on　each　sulung；　that　is；　on　the　Kentish　ploughland　corresponding　to　the　hide　of　feudal　England。　No　regular　sub…divisions　corresponding　to　the　virgates　and　bovates　are　mentioned；　and　the　reckoning　starts　not　from　separate　tenements；　but　from　their　combination　into　sulungs。（50*）　Then　follow　descriptions　of　the　single　sulungs；　and　it　turns　out　that　every　one　of　them　consists　of　a　very　great　number　of　component　parts；　because　the　progeny　of　the　original　holders　has　clustered　on　them；　and　parcelled　them　up　in　very　complicated　combinations。（51*）　The　portions　are　sometimes　so　small；　that　an　independent　cultivation　of　them　would　have　been　quite　impossible。　In　order　to　understand　the　description　it　must　be　borne　in　mind　that　the　fact　of　the　tenement　being　owned　by　several　different　persons　in　definite　but　undivided　shares　did　not　preclude　farming　in　common；　while　on　the　other　hand；　in　judging　of　the　usual　feudal　arrangement　of　holdings　we　must　remember　that　the　artificial　unity　and　indivisibility　of　the　tenement　may　be　a　mere　screen　behind　which　there　exists　a　complex　mass　of　rights　sanctioned　by　morality　and　custom　though　not　by　law。　The　surveys　of　the　Kentish　possessions　of　Battle　Abbey　are　drawn　up　on　the　same　principle　as　those　of　St。　Augustine's；　the　only　difference　is；　that　the　individual　portions　are　collected　not　in　sulungs；　but　in　yokes　（juga）。（52*）　　　　　And　so　we　have　in　England　two　systems　of　dividing　the　land　of　the　peasant；　of　regulating　its　descent　and　its　duties。　In　one　case　the　tenant…right　is　connected　with　rigid　holdings　descending　to　a　single　heir；　in　another　the　tenements　get　broken　up；　and　the　heirs　club　together　in　order　to　meet　the　demands　of　the　manorial　administration。　The　contrast　is　sharp　and　curious　enough。　How　is　one　to　explain；　that　in　conditions　which　were　more　or　less　identical；　the　land　was　sometimes　partitioned　and　sometimes　kept　together；　the　people　were　dispersed　in　some　instances　and　kept　together　in　others？　　　　　Closer　inspection　will　show　that　however　sharp　the　opposition　in　law　may　have　been；　in　point　of　husbandry　and　actual　management　the　contrast　was　not　so　uncompromising。　Connecting　links　may　be　found　between　the　two。　The　Domesday　of　St。　Paul's；　for　instance；　is　compiled　in　the　main　in　the　usual　way；　but　one　section　of　it　　the　description　of　the　Essex　manors　of　Kirby；　Horlock；　and　Thorpe　　does　not　differ　from　the　Kentish　surveys　in　anything　but　the　terminology。（53*）　The　services　are　laid　on　hides；　and　not　on　the　actual　tenements。　Each　hide　includes　a　great　number　of　plots　which　do　not　fall　in　with　any　constant　subdivisions　of　the　same　kind　as　the　virgates　and　bovates。　Some　of　these　plots　are　very　small；　all　are　irregular　in　their　formation。　It　happens　that　one　and　the　same　person　holds　in　several　hides。　In　one　word；　the　Kentish　system　has　found　a　way　for　some　unexplained　reason　into　the　possessions　of　St。　Paul's；　and　we　find　subjected　to　it　some　Essex　manors　which　do　not　differ　much　in　their　husbandry　arrangements　from　other　properties　in　Essex；　and　have　no　claim　to　the　special　privileges　of　Kentish　soil。　　　　　Once　apprised　of　the　possible　existence　of　such　inter　mediate　forms；　we　shall　find　in　most　surveys　facts　tending　to　connect　the　two　arrangements。　The　Gloucester　Cartulary；　for　instance；　mentions　virgates　held　by　four　persons。（54*）　The　plots　of　these　four　owners　are　evidently　brought　together　into　a　virgate　for　the　purpose　of　assessing　the　services。　Two　peasants　on　the　same　virgate　are　found　constantly。　It　happens　that　one　gets　the　greater　part　of　the　land　and　is　called　the　heir；　while　his　fellow　appears　as　a　small　cotter　who　has　to　co…operate　in　the　work　performed　by　the　virgate。（55*）　Indications　are　not　wanting　that　sometimes　virgates　crumbled　up　into　cotlands；　bordlands；　and　crofts。　The　denomination　of　some　peasants　in　Northumberland　is　characteristic　enough　　they　are　'selfoders；'　obviously　dwelling　'self…other'　on　their　tenements。（56*）　On　the　other　hand；　it　is　to　be　noticed　that　the　gavelkind　rule　of　succession；　although　enacting　the　partibility　of　the　inheritance；　still　reserves　the　hearth　to　the　youngest　born；　a　trace　of　the　same　junior　right　which　led　to　Borough　English。　　　　　I　think　that　upon　the　whole　we　must　say　that　in　practice　the　very　marked　contrast　between　the　general　arrangement　of　the　holdings　and　the　Kentish　one　is　more　a　difference　in　the　way　of　reckoning　than　in　actual　occupation；　in　legal　forms　than　in　economical　substance。　The　general　arrangement　admitted　a　certain　subdivision　under　the　cover　of　an　artificial　unity　which　found　its　expression　in　the　settlement　of　the　services　and　of　the　relations　with　the　lord。（57*）　The　English　case　has　its　parallel　on　the　Continent　in　this　respect。　In　Alsace；　for　instance；　the　holding　was　united　under　one　'Trager'　or　bearer　of　the　manorial　duties；　but　by　the　side　of　him　other　people　are　found　who　participate　with　this　official　holder　in　the　ownership　and　in　the　cultivation。（58*）　The　second　system　also　kept　up　the　artificial　existence　of　the　higher　units；　and　obvious　interests　prevented　it　from　leading　to　a　'morcellement'　of　land　into　very　small　portions　in　practice。　The　economic　management　of　land　could　not　go　as　far　as　the　legal　partition。　In　practice　the　subdivision　was　certainly　checked；　as　in　the　virgate　system；　by　the　necessity　of　keeping　together　the　cattle　necessary　for　the　tillage。　Virgates　and　bovates　would　arise　of　themselves：　it　was　not　advantageous　to　split　the　yoke　of　two　oxen；　the　smallest　possible　plough；　and　co…heirs　had　to　think　even　more　when　they　inherited　one　ox　with　its　ox…gang　of　land。　The　animal　could　not　be　divided；　and　this　certainly　must　have　stopped　in　many　cases　the　division　of　land。　When　the　documents　speak　of　plots　containing　two　or　three　acres；　it　must　be　remembered　that　such　crofts　and　cotlands　occur　also　in　the　usual　system；　and　I　do　not　see　any　reason　to　suppose　that　the　existence　of　such　subdivided　rights　always　indicated　a　real　dispersion　of　the　economic　unit：　they　may　have　stood　as　a　landmark　of　the　relative　rights　of　joint　occupiers。　I　do　not　mean　to　say；　of　course；　that　there　was　no　real　basis　for　the　very　great　difference　which　is　assumed　by　the　two　ways　of　describing　the　tenements。　No　doubt　the　hand　of　the　lord　lay　heavier　on　the　Essex　people　than　on　the　Kentish　men；　their　occupation　and　usage　of　the　land　was　more　under　the　control　of　the　lord；　and　assumed　therefore　an　aspect　of　greater　regularity　and　order。　Again；　the　legal　privileges　of　the　Kentish　people　opened　the　way　towards　a　greater　development　of　individual　freedom　and　a　certain　looseness　of　social　relations。　Still　it　would　be　wrong　to　infer　too　much　from　this　formal　opposition。　In　both　cases　the　centripetal　and　the　centrifugal　tendency　are　working　against　each　other　in　the　same　way；　although　one　case　presents　the　stronger　influence　of　disruptive　forces；　and　the　other　gives　predominance　to　the　collective　power。　In　the　history　of　socage　and　military　tenure　the　system　of　unity　arose　gradually；　and　without　any　sudden　break；　out　of　the　system　of　division。　The　intimate　connexion　between　both　forms　is　even　more　natural　in　peasant　ownership；　which　had　to　operate　with　small　plots　and　small　agricultural　capital；　and　therefore　inclined　naturally　towards　the　artificial　combination　of　divided　interests。　In　any　case　there　is　no　room　in　practice　for　the　rigid　and　consequent　operation　of　either　rule　of　ownership；　and；　if　so；　there　is　no　actual　basis　for　the　inference　that　the　unification　of　the　holding　is　to　be　taken　as　a　direct　consequence　of　a　servile　origin　of　the　tenement　and　a　sure　proof　of　it。　Unification　appears　on　closer　inspection　as　a　result　of　economic　considerations　as　well　as　of　legal　disabilities；　and　for　this　reason　the　tendency　operated　in　the　sphere　of　free　property　as　well　as　among　the　villains；　among　these　last　it　could　not　preclude　the　working　of　the　disruptive　elements；　but　in　many　cases　only　hid　them　from　sight　by　its　artificial　screen　of　rigid　holdings。　　　　　We　have　seen　that　the　size　and　distribution　of　the　holdings　are　connected　with　the　number　of　oxen　necessary　for　the　tillage；　and　its　relation　to　the　full　plough。　The　hide　appears　as　the　ploughland　with　eight　oxen；　the　virgate　corresponds　to　one　yoke　of　oxen；　and　the　bovate　to　the　single　head。　it　need　not　be　added　that　such　figures　are　not　absolutely　settled；　and　are　to　be　accepted　as　approximate　terms；　The　great　heavy　plough　drawn　by　eight　or　ten　oxen　is　certainly　often　mentioned　in　the　records；　especially　on　demesne　land。（59*）　The　dependent　people；　when　they　have　to　help　in　the　cultivation　of　the　demesne；　club　together　in　order　to　make　up　full　plough　teams。（60*）　It　is　also　obvious　that　the　peasantry　had　to　associate　for　the　tilling　of　their　o