forty centuries of ink- 第15部分

used　in　the　manufacture　of　ink。　All　ink　is　improved

by　exposure　to　the　sun's　rays。　Book…writers'

ink　has　gum　mixed　with　it；weavers'　ink　is

made　up　with　glue。　Ink　whose　materials　have　been

liquified　by　the　agency　of　an　acid　is　erased　with

great　difficulty。〃



There　are　but　few　exceptions　respecting　the　general

sameness　of　ink　receipts　of　the　succeeding　centuries；

one　of　which　is　the　〃Pomegranate；〃　credited

to　the　seventh　century　but　really　belonging　to　an　earlier

period：



〃Of　the　dried　Pommegranite　（apple）　rind　take

an　ounce；　boil　it　in　a　pint　of　water　until　3/4　be

gone；　add　1/2　pint　of　small　beer　wort　and　once

more　boil　it　away　so　that　only　a　1/4　pint　remain。

After　you　shall　have　strained　it；　boiling　hot　through

a　linnen　cloth　and　it　comes　cold；　being　then　of　a

glutinous　consistence；　drop　in　a　'bit'　of　Sal　Alkali

and　add　as　much　warm　water　as　will　bring　it　to　a

due　fluidity　and　a　gold　brown　color　for　writing　with

a　pen。〃



Following　this　formula　and　without　any　modifications；

I　obtained　an　excellent　ink　of　durable　quality；

but　of　poor　color；　from　a　standpoint　of　blackness。



A　less　ancient　〃Secreta；〃　signed　by　the　Italian

monk　〃Theophilus；〃　who　lived　about　the　commencement

of　the　eleventh　century；　is　most　interesting：



〃To　make　ink；　cut　for　yourself　wood　of　the

thorn…trees　in　April　or　May；　before　they　produce

flowers　or　leaves；　and　collecting　them　in　small　bundles；

allow　them　to　lie　in　the　shade　for　two；　three；

or　four　weeks；　until　they　are　somewhat　dry。　Then

have　wooden　mallets；　with　which　you　beat　these

thorns　upon　another　piece　of　hard　wood；　until　you

peel　off　the　bark　everywhere；　put　which　immediately

into　a　barrelful　of　water。　When　you　have

filled　two；　or　three；　or　four；　or　five　barrels　with

bark　and　water；　allow　them　so　to　stand　for　eight

days；　until　the　waters　imbibe　all　the　sap　of　the　bark。

Afterwards　put　this　water　into　a　very　clean　pan；　or

into　a　cauldron；　and　fire　being　placed　under　it；　boil

it；　from　time　to　time；　also；　throw　into　the　pan　some

of　this　bark；　so　that　whatever　sap　may　remain　in　it

may　be　boiled　out。　When　you　have　cooked　it　a

little；　throw　it　out；　and　again　put　in　more；　which

done；　boil　down　the　remaining　water　unto　a　third

part；　and　then　pouring　it　out　of　this　pan；　put　it

into　one　smaller；　and　cook　it　until　it　grows　black

and　begins　to　thicken；　add　one　third　part　of　pure

wine；　and　putting　it　into　two　or　three　new　pots；

cook　it　until　you　see　a　sort　of　skin　show　itself　on

the　surface；　then　taking　these　pots　from　the　fire；

place　them　in　the　sun　until　the　black　ink　purifies　itself

from　the　red　dregs。　Afterwards　take　small

bags　of　parchment　carefully　sewn；　and　bladders；

and　pouring　in　the　pure　ink；　suspend　them　in　the

sun　until　all　is　quite　dry；　And　when　dry；　take　from

it　as　much　as　you　wish；　and　temper　it　with　wine

over　the　fire；　and；　adding　a　little　vitriol；　write。

But；　if　it　should　happen　through　negligence　that

your　ink　be　not　black　enough；　take　a　fragment　of

the　thickness　of　a　finger　and　putting　it　into　the

fire；　allow　it　to　glow；　and　throw　it　directly　into　the

ink。〃



After　reciting　many　receipts　which　pertain　to　other

arts；　this　good　old　monk　concludes：



〃When　you　shall　have　re…read　this　often；　and

have　committed　it　to　your　tenacious　memory；　you

shall　thus　recompense　me　for　this　care　of　instruction；

that；　as　often　as　you　shall　successfully　have

made　use　of　my　work；　you　pray　for　me　for　the　pity

of　omnipotent　God；　who　knows　that　I　have　written

these　things　which　are　here　arranged；　neither

through　love　of　human　approbation；　nor　through

desire　of　temporal　reward；　nor　have　I　stolen　anything

precious　or　rare　through　envious　jealousy；　nor

have　I　kept　back　anything　reserved　for　myself

alone；　but；　in　augmentation　of　the　honour　and

glory　of　His　name；　I　have　consulted　the　progress

and　hastened　to　aid　the　necessities　of　many　men。〃



The　〃thorn〃　trees　which　Theophilus　mentions　are

asserted　by　some　writers　（with　whom　I　do　not

agree）　to　be　those　commonly　known　as　the　〃Norway

spruce；〃　a　species　of　pine　of　lofty　proportions　sometimes

rising　to　the　height　of　150　feet　with　a　trunk

from　four　to　five　feet　in　diameter。　It　lives　to　a　great

age　believed　to　exceed　in　many　instances　450　years。

The　leaves　（needles；　thorns）　are　short　but　stand　thickly

upon　the　branches　and　are　of　a　dusky　green　color

shining　on　the　upper　surface；　the　fruit　is　nearly

cylindrical　in　form　and　of　a　purple　color　covered　with

scales　ragged　at　the　edges。　It　is　a　native　of　Europe

and　Northern　Asia。　It　furnishes　the　material　known

as　Burgundy　pitch　which　is　obtained　by　removing　the

juice　which　is　secreted　in　the　bark　of　the　tree；　it　is

purified　by　a　melting　process　and　straining　either

through　a　cloth　or　a　layer　of　straw。　It　gives　forth　a

peculiar　odor　not　unpleasant；　resembling　turpentine。

The　Burgundy　pitch　or　rosin　is　soluble　in　hot　alcohol

（spirits　of　wine）。



An　ink　prepared　after　the　method　laid　down　by　this

monk；　assuming　that　he　referred　to　the　spruce…pine；

while　troublesome　to　write　with；　would　be　almost　as

lasting　as　〃Indian〃　ink　and　would　be　most　difficult

to　erase　from　parchment　into　which　it　would　be　absorbed

due　to　its　alcoholic　qualities。



〃The　ink；〃　remarks　Montfaucon；　〃which　we　see　in

the　most　ancient　Greek　manuscripts；　has　evidently

lost　much　of　its　pristine　blackness；　yet　neither　has　it

become　altogether　yellow　or　faint；　but　is　rather　tawny

or　deep　red；　and　often　not　far　from　a　vermillion。〃

While　there　are　some　monuments　of　this　kind　of　ink

in　fair　condition　of　the　fourth　and　succeeding　centuries；

they　aggregate　but　a　very　small　proportion　of

the　vast　number　of　principally　Indian　ink　specimens

which　remain　to　us　of　those　epochs。　As　exemplars；

however；　of　a　forgotten　class　of　inks　belonging　to　a　still

more　remote　antiquity；　careful　research　adduces　certain

proof　of　their　existence　more　than　nine　hundred

years　before　the　Christian　era　commenced。



Reference　has　earlier　been　made　to　the　ancient

Myrobolam　ink；　which　was　characteristically　the　same

in　color　phenomena　as　those　which　Montfaucon　mentions。

These　〃tawny〃　colored　inks　I　estimate　were

products　obtained　from　the　〃thorn〃　trees　spoken　of

by　the　monk　Theophilus。　The　thorn　trees　were　of

two　species。　The　pomegranate；　anciently　called　the

〃Punic　apple；〃　because　it　was　largely　employed　by

the　Carthagenians　for　the　purposes　of　dyeing　and

tanning；　and　the　acacia；　known　in　Egyptian　times

as　the　lotus。　The　former　was　held　in　such　high　esteem

that　the　Arabians　and　Egyptians　made　it　an　emblem

to　designate　one　of　their　dieties　and　termed　it

raman。



The　products　of　these　thorn；　trees　were　collectively

used　together　as　ink；　most　of　the　tannin　being　obtained

from　the　pomegranate；　and　the　gum　from　the　acacia。







CHAPTER　VIII。



MEDIAEVAL　INK。



INK　SECRETAS　OF　THE　TWELFTH　CENTURY　COMPARED　WITH

EARLIER　ONESAPPEARANCE　OF　TANNO…GALLATE　OF

IRON　INK　IN　THE　TWELFTH　CENTURYITS　INTRODUCTION

LOCATES　THE　EPOCH　WHEN　THE　MODERN　INK　OF

TO…DAY　FIRST　CAME　INTO　VOGUEITS　APPROVAL　AND

ADOPTION　BY　THE　FATHERS　OF　THE　CHURCHTHE

INVENTION　NOT　ITALIAN　BUT　ASIATICITS　ARRIVAL

FROM　ASIA　FROM　THE　WEST　AND　NOT　THE　EASTAPPEARANCE

ABOUT　THE　SAME　TIME　OF　LINEN　OR　MODERN

PAPERSETTLEMENT　OF　OLD　CONTROVERSIES　ABOUT

ANCIENT　SO…CALLED　COTTON　PAPER…DE　VINNE'S　COMMENT

ABOUT　PAPER　AND　PAPER…MAKINGCURIOUS

CONTRACT　OF　THE　FOURTEENTH　CENTURY。



THE　〃Secretas〃　of　the　twelfth　century；　in　so　far　as

they　relate　to　methods　of　making　ink；　indicate　many

departures　from　those　contained　in　the　more　ancient

ones。　Frequent　mention　is　made　of　sour　galls；　aleppo

galls；　green　and　blue　vitriol；　the　lees　of　wine；　black

amber；　sugar；　fish…glue　and　a　host　of　unimportant　materials

as　being　employed　in　the　admixture　of　black

inks。　Combinations　of　some　of　these　materials　are

expressed　in　formulas；　the　most　important　one　of

which　details　with　great　particularity　the　commingling

together　of　an　infusion　of　nut…galls；　green　vitriol　（sulphate

of　iron）　and　fish…glue　（isinglass）；　the　two　first

（tanno…gallate　of　iron）　when　used　alone；　forms　the　sole

base　of　all　unadulterated　〃gall〃　inks。



Dates　are　appended　to　some　of　these　ink　and　other

formulas。　The　〃tanno…gallate　of　iron〃　one　has；　however；

no　date。　But　as　it　appears　closely　following

a　date　of　A。　D。　1126；　it　must　have　been　written　about

that　time。



Documents；　public　and　private；　bearing　dates　nearly

contemporary　with　that　era；　written　in　ink　of　like

type；　are　still　extant；　confirming　in　a　remarkable

degree　the　〃Secreta〃　formula；　and　establishing　the

fact　that　the　first　half　of　the　twelfth　century　marks

the　epoch　in　which　the　〃gall〃　or　modern　ink　of　today

came　into　vogue。



Its　adoption　by　the　priests　stamped　it　with　the

seal　of　the　Church　and　the　arrival　from　the　West

about　the　same　period　of　flax　or　linen　paper　with　the

added　fact　that　these　assimilated　so　well　together；

later　placed　them　both　on　the　popular　basis　which

has　continued　to　the　present　time。



While　the　Secreta　which　contains　the　〃gall〃　ink

formula　is　of　Italian　origin；　the　invention　of　this　ink

belongs　solely　to　an　Asiatic　country；　from　whence　in

gradual　stages　by　way　of　Arabia；　Spain　and　France；

it　finally　reached　Rome。　Thence；　through　the　Church；

information　about　it　was　conveyed　to　wherever　civilization

existed。



We　are　not　confined　in　our　investigations　of　ancient

MSS。　to　any　particular　locality　or　date；　as　the　twelfth；

thirteenth；　fourteenth　and　fifteenth　centuries　are　prolific

of　〃gall〃　ink　monuments　covering　an　immense

territory。　Such　inks　when　used　unadulterated；　remain

in　an　almost　pristine　color　condition；　while　the

other　inks　to　which　some　pigment　or　color　had　been

added；　probably　to　make　them　more　agreeable　in　appearance

and　more　free…flowing；　with　a　mistaken　idea

of　improving　them；　are　much　discolored　and　in