forty centuries of ink- 第26部分

known　as　writing　fluids；　when　permanency　is　the

first　requisition？



〃　'7。　Do　you　manufacture　a　writing　fluid？



〃　'8。　Do　you　consider　it　safe　to　add　water　to　ink

intended　for　permanent　record；　which　has　grown

thick　by　exposure　to　the　air？



〃　'9。　Do　you　believe　that　the　obliteration　of　ink

is　ever　due　to　the　chemicals　left　in　the　paper？

（This　question　has　been　asked　of　the　paper　manufacturers

also。）



〃　'10。　Do　you　consider　it　safe　to　mix　inks　without

knowing　to　what　chemical　group　the　inks　so　mixed　belong？'



〃Replies　were　received　from　twenty…two

manufacturers。　Several　of　the　inks　in　the　market；

though　bearing　the　name　of　certain　persons；　were

found　to　be　manufactured　for　them　by　manufacturers

who　had　already　answered　the　questions。

Their　replies　were；　therefore；　not　considered。



〃To　the　first　question；　'Do　you　consider　it　safe

to　use　for　a　permanent　record　aniline　inks！'　the

unanimous　answer　was　decidedly　no。　Aniline

black　is　absolutely　permanent；　but　as　it　is　not　yet

known　how　to　render　it　soluble　in　water；　it　has　not

been　much　used　in　ink。



〃To　the　inquiry　in　regard　to　logwood　inks；

nearly　all　answered　no；　and　most　of　those　who　did

not　qualified　their　answers　to　such　an　extent　as　to

imply　distrust。



〃Upon　the　question　of　the　permanency　of　nut…gall　and

iron　inks；　the　answers　were　more　varied；　one　answering

no；　and　four　answering　directly　yes；　the　remaining

answers　being　in　brief　that　such　inks　were　permanent

if　properly　made。



〃To　the　question；　'Do　you　consider　carbon　ink

the　only　permanent　ink？'　the　answers　were　varied

and　contradictory。　Most　of　the　manufacturers

said　a　carbon　ink　could　not　be　permanent；　because

carbon　was　insoluble；　and　some　said　that　no　chemical

union　could　exist　between　carbon　and　the

other　ingredients　in　ink。　Others　claimed　that　carbon

was　the　one　permanent　color；　and　cited　the　old

Indian　and　Chinese　inks　which　have　stood　for　centuries

as　illustrations　of　its　permanency。　These

statements　were　so　widely　different　that　I　pursued

the　inquiry　further；　and　found　it　was　conceded　that；

if　a　process　could　be　discovered　by　which　carbon

could　be　dissolved　and　made　to　retain　its　color；　no

known　substance　would　make　so　permanent　an　ink；

but　that　there　was　no　such　process；　and　in　the　inks

now　made　the　carbon　was　simply　held　in　suspension

in　the　ink　without　any　chemical　union；　but　I

found　also　that　improvement　has　been　made；　and

that　it　is　possible　to　combine　the　carbon　with　chemicals

which　will　cause　the　carbon　to　embody　itself。

More　than　ordinary　care　should；　however；　be

exercised　in　the　purchase　of　carbon　inks；　for　the

lack　of　chemical　union　would　cause　a　tendency　to

precipitate　the　carbon　if　the　ink　were　improperly　made。



〃The　replies　to　the　inquiry；　'Do　you　advise

generally　against　the　inks　known　as　writing　fluids；

when　permanency　is　the　first　requisition？'　were　in

a　way　the　most　unsatisfactory；　and　savored　somewhat

of　advertising。　One　manufacturer　made　no

fluid；　and　had　no　opinion　to　express。　Most　of　the

others　made　fluids。　Nine　advised　generally　against

their　use；　four　recommended　them　in　preference

to　ink；　and　the　others　either　advised　generally

against　them；　but　recommended　their　own；　or

qualified　the　answer　in　such　a　way　as　to　throw

doubt　on　them。



〃The　argument　in　their　favor　seems　to　be　that

their　fluidity　makes　them　permeate　the　paper；　and；

in　the　change　of　color　which　usually　takes　place

after　using；　a　dyeing　of　the　paper　results。　The

objections　are；　that　to　obtain　the　fluidity　body

must　be　sacrificed；　and　there　is　not　enough　substance

deposited　upon　the　paper。　The　objections　made

by　two　manufacturers　of　fluids　I　give　in　their　own

words。



〃　'We　advise　generally　against　the　inks　known

simply　as　writing　fluidsthose　not　intended　to

yield　a　letter…press　copybecause　they　are　universally

made；　first；　with　as　little　solid　matter　as

possible；i。　e。　weak；　second；　with　an　excess　of

iron　beyond　that　required　to　combine　with　the　tannin；

so　as　to　develop　all　the　color　possible　and

flow　with　the　greatest　freedom。　The　combined

writing　and　copying　fluids；　and　the　copying　fluids

on　the　other　hand　if　properly　made；　may　be　justly

recommended　where　permanency　is　the　first　requisition；

particularly　the　older　ones；　which　should　be

the　most　durable　of　all　nut…gall　and　iron　inks；　because

in　them　particularly　concentration　is　aimed

at；　and　the　iron　need　not　necessarily；　and　should

not；　be　in　excess　of　that　required　to　combine　with

the　tannin　present。　A　steel　pen　during　use　injures；

and　often　greatly；　the　durability　of　a　writing　ink

by　giving　up　iron　to　it。



〃　'For　your　purpose；　where　extreme　permanency

is　the　first　requisition；　I　should　not　advise　the　use　of

an　ordinary　writing　fluid。　Many　manufacturers

cannot　obtain　sufficient　fluidity　in　their　writing

fluids　without　making　their　inks　very　dilute；　and

observing　a　particular　method　of　manufacture

which；　although　providing　more　attained　color　for

a　time；　sacrifices　the　permanent　quality　of　their

color　in　a　great　measure。　I　should　advise　the　use

of　an　ink　decidedly　stronger。'



〃The　addition　of　water　was　almost　universally

condemned；　for　reasons　stated　later。　As　proof

that　this　was　not　for　the　mercenary　purpose　of　indirectly

advising　the　use　of　more　ink；　some　of　the

manufacturers　said　the　ink　should　be　kept　in　small…

mouthed　ink…stands；　and　when　not　in　use　should

be　as　tightly　sealed　as　possible；　to　prevent　evaporation。



〃In　reply　to　the　inquiry　as　to　whether　chemicals

left　in　the　paper　ever　obliterated　the　ink；　several

of　the　manufacturers　said　they　knew　of　such　cases；

and　all　were　agreed　that；　if　the　chlorides　used　for

bleaching　the　paper　were　not　washed　out；　they

would　dangerously　affect　any　ink。　The　practice

of　mixing　inks　was　universally　condemned。



〃Permanency　against　the　action　of　time　is　the

quality　sought　for　in　this　investigation；　and　it　is

claimed　that　better　evidence　as　to　that　quality　is

furnished　by　the　test　of　time　than　by　any　other；

and　manufacturers　have　shown　or　referred　to

specimens　of　writing　made　with　their　ink　many

years　ago；　as　proof　of　its　merit　in　this　particular。

If　there　was　any　surety　that　the　standard　of　quality

was　always　kept　up　in　all　of　the　oldest　inks　on　the

market；　it　would　be　safe　to　accept　that　test；　but

this　may　not　be　a　fact；　and；　as　has　been　stated；

some　of　the　recording　officers　believe　that　it　is　not。



Moreover；　if　only　the　old　inks　were　to　be　accepted；

it　would　be　against　the　spirit　of　the　age；

which　is　to　adopt　the　improvements　which　science

makes　possible；　and　manufacturers　who　at　great

cost　of　time　and　money　have　made　improvements；

would　be　deprived　of　the　compensation　which　they

deserve。　The　old　inks　were　as　a　rule　heavy；　and

had　a　tendency　to　settle；　and　the　endeavor　on　the

part　of　some　manufacturers　has　been　to　preserve

the　permanency；　and　at　the　same　time　produce

thinner　inks　which　would　be　more　agreeable　to　use。



〃Improvements　have　been　made　in　the　direction

of　free…flowing　inks；　and　these　are　fast　becoming

popular；　and；　while　for　correspondence　and　commercial

uses　they　are　undoubtedly　sufficiently　permanent；

for　records　many　of　them　are　not；　and　it

was　with　a　view　of　preventing　the　use　of　these

upon　records　that　this　investigation　was　made。

No　attention　has　been　given　to　the　permanency

of　the　inks；　as　against　their　removal　by　acids。



〃The　use　of　proper　ink　is　considered　so　important

by　the　British　government　that　the　inks

used　in　the　public　departments　are　obtained　by

public　tender；　in　accordance　with　the　conditions

drawn　up　by　the　controller　of　H。　M。　stationery

office；　with　the　assistance　of　the　chief　chemist　of

the　inland　revenue　department；　to　whom　the　inks

supplied　by　the　contractor　are　from　time　to　time

submitted　for　analysis。　Suitable　inks　for　the　various

uses　are　thus　obtained；　and　their　standard

maintained。　The　last　form　of　'invitation　to　tender；'

or　'proposal；'　as　we　term　it；　is　appended；

as　being　instructive。



I　cannot　learn　that　the　United　States　government

uses　any　such　care　as　the　British　government

in　the　matter　of　ink；　although　the　question　has

been　a　troublesome　one　in　the　departments。



〃The　State　department　issues　no　special　rules

for　determining　suitable　inks；　or　requiring　that　particular

inks　shall　be　used。　Proposals　are　asked　for

the　lowest　bids　for　the　articles　of　stationery　required；

the　last　form　of　proposal　asking　for　bids

upon　seven　black　inks；　one　crimson；　and　one　writing

fluid；　which　are　named。



〃With　the　market　full　of　inks　worthless　for　records；

the　only　safety　for　our　records　seems　to　be　in

the　establishment　of　a　system　similar　to　the　English；

which　shall　fix　upon　proper　inks　for　various

uses；　which　all　recording　officers　shall　be　required

to　use。



〃I　believe　that　the　recording　officers　will　be

glad　to　have　the　question　of　permanent　inks　decided

for　them；　and　to　know　whether　inks　which

were　in　use　many　years　ago；　and　have　stood　the

test　thus　far；　are　maintained　at　their　old　standard。

In　the　face　of　sharp　competition　among　manufacturers；

they　fear　they　are　not。〃



Mr。　Swan；　proceeding　still　further；　secured　the

services　of　two　of　the　most　distinguished　professors

of　chemistry　in　this　country；　Messrs。　Markoe　and

Baird；　and　submitted　to　them　in　camera　sixty…seven

samples　of　different　inks；　known　only　by　numbers；　for

chemical　analysis；　in　a　long　and　exhaustive　report　on

the　work　they　had　set　out　to　accomplish；　and　also　with

a　dissertation　on　the　chemistry　of　inks　in　general；　they

complete　their　report　as　follows：



〃As　a　conclusion；　since　the　great　mass　of　inks

on　the　market　are　not　suitable　for　records；　because

of　their　lack　of　body　and　because　of　the　quantity

of　unstable　color　which　they　contain；　and　because

the　few　whose　coloring　matters　are　not