forty centuries of ink- 第29部分

discovered　part　at　least　of　the　problem　would　be；

simplified。



The　〃added〃　color　compounds；　excluding　those　of

the　aniline　family　which　pertain　to　the　more　modern

ink　compositions；　are　of　two　classes：　those　possessing

tannin　and　color…yielding　materials　and　those　containing

only　a　color…yielding　material。　Many　of　the　first

class　have　been　used　in　the　manufacture　of　ink　both

with　infusions　of　nut…galls　or　alone；　while　but　very

few　of　the　second　class　have　been　used　for　either　purpose。

The　decomposing　action　of　light；　oxygen　and

moisture　on　many　of　each　class　placed　them　beyond

the　purview　of　consideration；　while　the　dates　of　the

discovery　and　the　fact　of　the　small　percentage　of　tannin

contained　in　others　permitted　them　also　to　be

discarded。　For　instance：　vanadium；　which　is　fairly

permanent；　was　discovered　only　in　1830；　chanchi；　the

ink　plant　of　New　Granada　discovered　in　the　sixteenth

century；　possessing　excellent　lasting　qualities；　does　not

assimilate　perfectly　with　other　constituents　used　in　the

manufacture　of　ink；　but　is　best　when　used　alone；

Berlin　blue　（prussian　blue）　is　well　spoken　of；　but

was　only　discovered　by　accident　in　1710　by　Diesbach；

a　preparer　of　colors　at　Berlin；　logwood；　more　used

for　this　purpose　than　any　other　material；　was　first

imported　into　Europe　in　the　sixteenth　century　and

causes　a　deterioration　of　the　durable　qualities　of　the

tanno…gallate　of　iron；　Brazil…wood　and　archil；　and

their　allies；　are　exceedingly　fugitive；　bablah；　the

fruit　of　the　acacia　arabica；　myrabolams；　of　Chinese

growth；　catechu；　and　sumac　which　though　used　in

the　time　of　Pliny；　each　contains　a　percentage　of

gallic　acid　too　small　to　meet　the　requirements。

Divi…divi；　a　South　American　product；　came　into　use

only　at　the　end　of　the　sixteenth　century　and　has　not

stood　the　test　of　time。



This　sifting　process　completely　eliminated　all　but

lampblack；　madder　and　indigo　in　some　form　as　a

permanent　〃added〃　color　pigment。　Lampblack；

which　is　we　know　forms　the　basis　of　〃Indian〃　ink；

is　not　soluble　and　requires　a　very　heavy　gummy

vehicle　to　prevent　its　immediate　precipitation；　and

while　it　could　have　been　used　in　combination　with

tanno…gallate　of　iron　as　an　ink；　the　fact　that　it　was

possible　to　chemically　remove　the　ancient　inks　which

remained　black；　was　a　sufficient　demonstration　that

this　carbon　substance；　which　is　not　affected　by　chemicals；

either　as　contained　in　the　fluid　ink　or　as　dusted

on　after　writing；　could　have　formed　no　part　of　the

ancient　tanno…gallate　of　iron　inks。



Madder　is　mentioned　as　of　very　ancient　times　and

was　cultivated　in　Europe　as　early　as　the　tenth　century；

its　addition　to　an　iron　and　gall　ink　is　said　to　be

an　invention　of　the　year　1855；　it　is　certain；　however；

that　it　was　used　for　a　like　purpose　as　early　as　1826；

and　a　fair　presumption　that　it　was　frequently

employed　in　some　form　during　the　preceding　four

centuries。　It　has　under　certain　conditions　very　lasting

properties　as　the　madder…dyed　cloths　found

wrapped　around　Egyptian　mummies　demonstrates；

but　does　not　assist　the　tanno…gallate　of　iron　to　retain

its　black　color；　on　the　contrary　it　seems　to　lessen　this

quality。



That　indigo　for　added　color　was　employed　by　ink

manufacturers　in　the　eighteenth　century　is　shown　by

the　formulas　appearing　in　the　literature　of　that　time。

It　was　used　alone　as　an　ink　long　before；　as　well　as

contemporaneously　with；　those　of　the　tanno…gallate　of

iron　family。　Its　lasting　properties　are　most　remarkable

if　it　be　true　that；　used　as　a　dye；　there　is　still　in

existence　specimens　of　it　on　cloth　five　thousand　or

more　years　old。　The　history　of　its　use　ALONE　as　an

ink　is　difficult　to　ascertain　back　of　a　certain　period；

the　writer　has　several　specimens　of　it；　one　written　in

1692　whose　color　is　a　green　blue；　another　written

about　a　century　ago　is　believed　to　be　as　bright　blue

as　the　day　it　was　placed　on　the　paper；　from　1810　to

1850　it　was　in　common　use　particularly　in　hot

climates　where　it　was　〃home…made。〃　Consequently

if　the　old　〃gall〃　inks　contained　a　lasting　added

color；　indigo　must　have　been　the　one；　Dr。　Stark

whose　investigations　along　this　line　for　twenty…three

years　have　already　been　cited　has　said　that　he

preferred　for　his　own　use　an　ink　composed　of　galls；

sulphate　of　indigo　and　copperas　（sulphate　of　iron）；

this　means　a　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink　with　indigo　for

〃added〃　color。　Like　formulas　calling　for　different

proportions　of　constituents　both　before　and　after　his

time　in　England　and　the　continents　of　Europe　and

America　are　to　be　found　in　considerable　number；

proving　that　its　use　was　more　or　less　constant　in　this

respect。　To　determine；　then；　whether　or　not　the

blacker　specimens　of　the　ancient　writings　contained

indigo　in　any　of　its　forms　was　most　important；　and

the　plan　adopted　most　simple。　Specimens　of　writing

in　ink　of　which　the　manufacturer's　name　was　known

as　well　as　his　formula　and　only　thirty　years　old

showed　evidence　of　considerable　〃browning；〃　some

of　them　when　tested　in　juxtaposition　with　those　of

from　fifty　to　one　hundred　years　old　which　had　turned

completely　brown；　gave　approximately　the　same　results；

and　differentiated　largely　from　the　results　obtained

from　jet　black　specimens　of　eighty　to　five

hundred　or　more　years　of　age。　In　a　number　of　the

browner　ones　indigo　was　found　to　be　present　while　in

many　of　the　black　ones　it　was　not；　demonstrating

that　the　reason　for　the　continuing　blackness　of　the

older　inks　is　not　due　to　an　added　color　or　pigment　of

any　kind　and　furthermore　that　the　〃Stark〃　and

corresponding　ink　formulas　after　the　test　of　TIME　did　not

retain　their　original　blackness　but　deteriorated　to　a

brown　color；　moreover；　that　their　purpose　as　in　the

present　day　was　to　give　an　agreeable　and　immediate

color　result；　a　free…flowing　ink；　and　to　cheapen　the

cost　of　manufacture　when　compared　with　that　of　an

unadulterated　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink。



No　disagreement　being　now　possible　as　to　the　lasting

color　virtues　of　a　properly　proportioned　tanno…

gallate　of　iron　ink　WITHOUT　an　〃added〃　color　or

pigment；　there　remained　the　sole　question　as　to　the

vehicle　utilized　to　hold　this　combination　in　suspension

and　whether　or　not　it　had　to　do　with　the　continuing

blackness　of　the　older　inks。



The　answer　must　lie　between　the　vegetable　product

known　as　gum　and　the　animal　product　known　as

gelatine。　The　first　disintegrates；　quickly　absorbs

moisture　and　gradually　disappears；　while　gelatine

（isinglass）　〃contains　under　conditions　50％　carbon；

although　its　molecular　formula　has　not　yet　been

determined。　It　cannot　be　converted　into　vapor　and

does　not　form　well…defined　compounds　with　other

bodies；　it　is　insoluble　in　alcohol　which　precipitates　it

in　flakes　from　its　aqueous　solution。　It　is　also　precipitated

by　tannin；　which　combines　with　it　to　form

an　insoluble　non…putrescible　compound。　Gallic　acid；

however；　does　not　precipitate　it。〃　（Bloxam。）



Possessing　an　undisturbed　and　complete　history　it

was　the　very　substance　employed　long　before　the　discovery

of　gall　ink；　and　is　found　present　in　the　earliest

specimens　of　the　〃Indian〃　inks　which　remain　to　us。



It　must　now　be　evident　that　there　can　be　no　material

difference　of　opinions　as　to　what　has　been　so

clearly　and　conclusively　established；　viz。　that　ink

which　contains　a　base　of　tanno…gallate　of　iron　（without

〃added〃　color）　is　a　permanent　ink；　and　the

length　of　its　durability　and　continuing　pristineness

can　be　disturbed　only　by　inferior　quality　of　constituents；

wrong　methods　of　admixture　and　its　future

environment。　Hence　any　black　ink　with　this　combination

missing　is　of　no　practical　value　whatever

either　for　record　or　commercial　uses。



〃Indian〃　ink；　except　for　specific　purposes；　belongs

to　the　great　past　and　will　so　continue　with　its

virtues　unchallenged　and　proven；　until　some　solvent

is　discovered　for　the　carbon　which　forms　nearly　the

whole　of　its　composition；　at　which　time　THE　perfect

ink　can　be　said　to　have　been　discovered。







CHAPTER　XVII。



INK　PHENOMENA。



CONDITION　OF　INK　WHEN　FIRST　PLACED　ON　PAPERITS

METAMORPHOSIS　AND　AFFINITIESIGNORANCE　OF　THE

FORGER　AS　TO　ITS　ORIGINAL　ENVIRONMENTTREATMENT

OF　OLD　INK　MARKSHOW　PAPER　MAY　DISCOLOR

INKTHE　USES　OF　ACID　IN　INKVEHICLES

TO　HOLD　INK　PARTICLES　AND　PRESERVE　THEMINKS

FIVE　CENTURIES　OLD　DO　PRESERVE　THEIR

GLOSSSOME　CAUSES　OF　INK　DISINTEGRATIONWHEN

INK　BECOMES　IRRESPONSIVE　TO　THE　ELEMENTS

DEMONSTRATED　TRUTHS　ABOUT　INK　CONSTITUENTS　AND

COLOR　PHENOMENANATURAL　EVOLUTION　OF　AN

INK　MARKLENGTH　OF　TIME　REQUIRED　TO　BECOME

BLACKFIRST　INDICATIONS　OF　AGEDISAPPEARANCE

OF　INK　QUALITIESARTIFICIAL　AGING　OF　INKTESTS

FOR　IT　AND　HOW　TO　CONFIRM　THEMBLEACHING　AND

REMOVAL　OF　INK　FROM　PAPER　CRIMINALLY　CONSIDERED

CHEMISTRY　OF　SUCH　MARKSTHEIR　RESTORATION

VARIATIONS　IN　METHODS　WHICH　CAN　BE

EMPLOYED。



ALL　inks　when　first　placed　on　paper　are　of　course

in　a　fluid　state。　Gradual　evaporation　of　moisture

causes　a　change　not　only　in　color　but　in　the　case　of

the　iron　and　gall　inks；　in　their　chemical　constitution；

being　immediately　affected　by　their　environment；

whether　due　to　the　character　of　the　paper　on　which

they　rest；　the　kind　or　condition　of　the　pen　used；　or

most　important　of　all；　the　elements。　Those　who　use　the

black　inks　and　chemical　writing　fluids　will　have　noticed

these　characteristics。　The　pale　brown；　blue　or　green

as　first　written；　and　the　gradual　change　after　a　short

period　to　an　approaching　blackness；　are　reactions　due

largely　to　atmospheric　conditions；　the　oxygen　uniting

with　that　for　which　it　has　affinity　and　instantly

beginning　with　TIME　to　make　its　march；　producing

natural　phenomena；　which　can　be　only　superficially

imitated　but　never　exactly　reproduced。　When　we

further　take　into　consideration　that　the　forger　cannot

always　know　of　the　circumstances　which　surround

the　placing　of　original　ink