forty centuries of ink- 第39部分

those　of　manufacturers　of　the　best　known　foreign　and

domestic　〃black〃　inks　and　〃chemical　writing　fluids〃

in　use　during　the　past　century；　as　well　as　those

of　the　present　time。



Adriana

Allfield

Anderson

Antoine

Arnaudon

Arnold

Artus

Ballade

Ballande

Barnes

Bart

Bartram

Beaur

Behrens

Belmondi

Berzelius

Bizanger

Blackwood

Blair

Bolley

Bonney

Bossin

Boswell

Bottger

Boutenguy

Braconnot

Brande

Bufeu

Bufton

Bure

Carter

Caw

Cellier

Champion

Chaptal

Chevallier

Clarke

Close

Cochrane

Collin

Cooke

Coupier　and　Collins

Coxe

Crock

Cross

Darcet

Davids

Davis

Delunel

Delarve

Delang

Derheims

Dize

Draper

Druck

Duhalde

Dumas

Dumovlen

Dunand

Dunlap

Ellis

Eisner

Faber

Faucher

Faux

Featherstone

Fesneau

Fontenelle

Ford

Fourmentin

Freeman

Fuchs

Gaffard

Gastaldi

Geissler

Geoffroy

Gebel

Goold

Goupeir

Grasse

Green

Guesneville

Gullier

Guyon

Guyot

Haenles

Hager

Haldat

Hanle

Hare

Harrison

Hausman

Heeren

Henry

Herepath

Hevrant

Higgins

Hogy

Hunt

Hyde

Jahn

James

Joy

Karmarsch

Kasleteyer

Kindt

Klaproth

Kloen

Knaffl

Knecht

Lanaux

Lanet

Larenaudiere

Lemancy

Lenormand

Leonhardi

Lewis

Ley　Kauf

Link

Lipowitz

Lorme

Luhring

Lyons

MacCullogh

Mackensic

Mathieu

Maurin

Maynard　and　Noyes

Melville

Mendes

Meremee

Merget

Minet

Moller

Moore

Mordan

Moser

Morrell

Mozard

Murray

Nash

Nissen

Ohme

Ott

Paul

Payen

Perry

Peltz

Petibeau

Platzer

Plissey

Pomeroy

Poncelet

Prollius

Proust

Pusher

Rapp

Reade

Redwood

Reid

Remigi

Reinmann

Rheinfeld

Ribaucourt

Ricker

Roder

Ruhr

Runge

Sanford

Schaffgotoch

Schleckum

Schmidt

Schoffern

Scott

Seldrake

Selmi

Simon

Souberin

Souirssean

Stafford

Stark

Stein

Stephens

Stevens

Syuckerbuyk

Swan

Tabuy

Tarling

Thacker

Thomas

Thumann

Todd

Tomkins

Trialle

Triest

Trommsdorff

Underwood

Vallet

Van　Moos

Vogel

Wagner

Walkden

Wallach

Waterlous

Windsor　and　Newton

Winternitz

Woodmansee

Worthington









CHAPTER　XXIII。



CHEMICO…LEGAL　INK。



ESTIMATED　VALUE　OF　SCIENTIFIC　EVIDENCE　AS　HELD　BY

THE　COURT　OF　APPEALSNOW　BEYOND　THE　PURVIEW　OF

CRITICISMVERDICTS　IN　THE　TRIALS　OF　CAUSES　AFFECTED

BY　SUCH　EVIDENCELENGTH　OF　TIME　NECESSARY

TO　OVERCOME　PREJUDICE　AND　IGNORANCE

WHERE　OBJECTIONS　TO　SUCH　EVIDENCE　EMANATE

SOME　OBSERVATIONS　ABOUT　SUCH　EVIDENCE　GENERALLY

WHEN　PRECEDENT　WAS　MADE　TO　CHEMICALLY

EXAMINE　A　COURT　EXHIBIT　BEFORE　TRIALTHE

CONTROVERSY　IN　WHICH　JUDGE　RANSOM　MADE　THIS　NEW

DEPARTURECITATION　OF　THE　CASE　AND　ITS　OUTCOME

DECISION　IN　THE　GORDON　WILL　CASE　OBTAINED

BY　THE　SCIENTIFIC　EVIDENCECOMPLETE　STORY

ABOUT　ITHISTORY　OF　THE　DIMON　WILL　CASE　AND

HOW　CHEMISTRY　MADE　IT　POSSIBLE　TO　CONSIDER

ITOPINION　OF　JUDGE　INGRAHAMPEOPLE　OF　THE

STATE　OF　NEW　YORK　V。　CODYTHE　ATTEMPT　TO　PROVE

AN　ALLEGED　〃GOULD〃　BIRTH　CERTIFICATE　GENUINE；

FRUSTRATED　BY　CHEMICAL　EVIDENCETHE　DEFENDANT

CONVICTEDTHE　PEOPLE　V。　KELLAMCHEMICAL

EVIDENCE　MAKES　THE　TRUTH　KNOWNTHE　HOLT

WILL　CASE　AND　THE　EVIDENCE　WHICH　AFFECTED　ITS

RESULTTHE　TIGHE　WILL　CASEOPINION　OF　JUDGE

FITZGERALD。



〃The　administration　of　justice　profits　by　the

progress　of　science；　and　its　history　shows　it　to

have　been　almost　the　earliest　in　antagonism　to

popular　delusion　and　superstition。　The　revelations

of　the　microscope　are　constantly　resorted　to　in

protection　of　individual　and　public　interests。　。　。　。

If　they　are　relied　upon　as　agencies　for　accurate

mathematical　results　in　mensuration　and　astronomy；

there　is　no　reason　why　they　should　be　deemed

unreliable　in　matters　of　evidence。　Wherever　what

they　disclose　can　aid　or　elucidate　the　just　determination

of　legal　controversies　there　can　be　no　well…

founded　objection　to　resorting　to　them。〃　Frank

v。　Chemical　Nat。　Bank；　37　Superior　Court　（J。　&

S。）　34；　affirmed　in　Court　of　Appeals；　84　N。　Y。

209。



THIS　decision　by　a　final　court　of　adjudicature；　expresses

in　no　uncertain　terms　the　now　generally　estimated

value　of　evidence　which　science　may　reveal。

The　importance　which　that　branch　of　it　denominated

〃Chemico…legal　ink〃　has　attained　and　its　utilization

in　many　trials　of　causes　both　civil　as　well　as　criminal；

places　it　beyond　the　purview　of　criticism　or　objection。

With　the　introduction　of　a　new　class　of　inks　in　the

last　two　decades；　its　scope　has　been　much　broadened。



Innumerable　verdicts　by　juries　wherever　the　system

prevails；　all　over　the　world；　the　opinions　of　learned

judges；　whether　presiding　during　a　jury　trial　or　sitting

alone；　more　or　less　affected　by　this　character　of　evidence；

presents　fairly　the　trend　of　the　views　of　the

public　mind　respecting　it。



Constant　experiment　and　successful　demonstrations；

covering　a　period　of　over　fifty　years；　was　necessary　to

overcome　prevailing　prejudices　and　ignorance。



The　conditions　to…day；　which　happily　obtain；　are

that　the　objection　to　the　introduction　of　such　evidence

finds　its　source　usually　in　the　side　seeking　to　obscure

and　hide　the　truth　or　facts；　while　the　honest　litigant

or　innocent　individual　hastens　to　advocate　its　employment。



Another　feature　worthy　of　consideration　is　that

persons　who　possess　intimate　knowledge　of　ink　chem。

istry　and　who　might　otherwise　successfully　perpetrate

fraud　if　opportunity　presented　itself；　refrain　from

making　the　attempt　because　of　that　very　knowledge；

which　is　sufficient　also　to　teach　them　of　the　possible

exposure　of　their　efforts。　Again；　they　and　others　are

aware　of　the　reliance　placed　on　chemico…legal　evidence

as　an　aid　to　the　cause　of　justice　by　courts　and

juries　and　this　is　an　added　reason　why　they　hesitate

to　take　chances。　These　propositions　being　true；　they

establish　another　one；　viz：　that　most　of　the　attempted

frauds　at　the　present　time　in　this　connection；　are　by

the　ignorant　and　those　whose　conceit　does　not　permit

them　to　believe　that　any　one　knows　more　than　themselves。



Chemico…legal　ink　evidence　as　before　stated　has

been　employed　in　the　trials　of　causes　for　many　years；

but　it　was　not　until　the　year　1889　that　a　precedent

was　established　for　the　chemical　examination　of　a

suspected　document　preceding　any　trial。　The　honor

of　this　departure　from　the　ordinary　modes　of　procedure

belongs　to　the　Hon。　Rastus　S。　Ransom；　who　was

surrogate　of　the　county　of　New　York　at　the　time。



The　matter　in　controversy　was　an　alleged　will　executed

in　triplicate　by　one　Thomas　J。　Monroe。　Charges

were　made　that　the　three　wills　were　spurious；　as　they

were　facsimiles　of　each　other。　It　was　for　the　main

purpose　of　determining　the　methods　of　their　make…up

that　Judge　Ransom　rendered　the　opinion　and　made

the　order　for　its　chemical　examination　which　is　cited

in　full：



Estate　of　Thomas　J。　Monroe。〃This　is　an　application

by　the　special　guardian　and　contestant　in

this　proceeding；　which　is　now　pending　before　the

assistant；　for　leave　to　photograph　the　various

papers　which　have　been　filed　as　the　will　of　the

deceased；　and　to　compel　the　filing　of　two　parts　of

one　of　said　wills；　which　was　executed　in　triplicate；

likewise　that　the　last　paper　be　subjected　to　chemical

tests　for　the　purpose　of　disclosing　the　nature　of

the　composition　of　the　ink　and　the　process　or

processes　to　which　it　has　been　subjected。



〃Upon　the　oral　argument　the　surrogate　decided

the　applications　first　stated　in　favor　of　the　petitioner；

reserving　only　the　question　of　his　power　to

direct　or　permit　the　chemical　tests。　The　special

guardian　on　the　oral　argument　stated　that　he　was

unable；　to　find　any　authority　for　the　application。



〃Consultation　of　the　various　sources　of　authority

upon　the　subject　of　expert　testimony　and　the

various　tests　for　the　purpose　of　establishing　or　disproving

handwriting　has　not　resulted　in　the　discovery

of　any　authority　for　granting　the　application。

It　is　apparent；　however；　from　some　of　the　cases

that　such　an　examination　must　have　been　permitted；

for　instance；　in　Fulton　v。　Hood　（34th

Penn。　State　Reports；　365）；　expert　testimony　was

received　in　corroboration　of　positive　evidence　to

prove　that　the　whole　of　an　instrument　was　written

by　the　same　hand；　with　the　same　ink；　and　at　the

same　time。　It　is　inconceivable　how　testimony　of

any　value　could　be　given　as　to　the　character　of

ink　with　which　an　instrument　was　written；　unless

it　had　been　subjected　to　a　chemical　test。　The

writer　of　a　valuable　article　in　the　eighteenth　volume

of　the　American　Law　Register；　page　281　（R。　U。

Piper；　an　eminent　expert　of　Chicago；　Ill。）；　in

commenting　upon　the　rule　as　stated　in　the　case　of

Fulton　v。　Hood　（supra）；　very　properly　says：



〃　'Microscopical　and　chemical　tests　may　be　competent

to　settle　the　question；　but　these　should　not

be　received　as　evidence；　I　think；　unless　the　expert

is　able　to　show　to　the　court　and　the　jury　the　actual

results　of　his　examination；　and　also　to　explain　his

methods；　so　that　they　can　be　fully　understood。'



〃The　writer　of　this　article　is　also　authority　for

the　statement　that　in　the　French　Courts　every

manipulation　or　experiment　necessary　to　elucidate

the　truth　in　the　case；　even　to　the　destruction　of　the

document　in　question；　is　allowed；　the　Court；　as　a

matter　of　precaution；　being　first　supplied　with　a

certified　copy　of　the　same。



〃The　most　obvious　argument　to　be　urged　against

allowing　a　chemical　test　to　be　made　on　a　will；　and

one　that　was　suggested　by　the　court　on　the　argument

of　this　motion；　is　that；　inasmuch　as　the　paper

may　be　the　subject　of　future　controversy　in　this　or

some　other　tribunal；　future　litigants　should　not　be

prejudiced　by　any　alteration　or　manipulation　of　the