forty centuries of ink- 第42部分

Gould　family。　Mrs。　Cody　asserted　that　Jay　Gould

was　married　to　a　Mrs。　Angel　some　time　in　1853；　and

that　as　a　result　of　that　〃lawful〃　marriage　she　gave

birth　to　a　daughter；　a　Mrs。　Pierce；　who　was　still　alive

and　living　somewhere　in　the　west。　As　Mrs。　Cody

offered　to　sell　or　secrete　the　information　which　she

said　she　possessed　for　a　consideration；　Mr。　George　J。

Gould　and　his　sister；　Miss　Helen　Gould；　instantly

determined　that　it　could　be　nothing　else　than　a　clear

case　of　an　attempt　at　blackmail；　which　falsely　impugned

the　reputations　of　their　dead　parents。　They

instituted　criminal　proceedings　against　Mrs。　Cody；

charging　that　Mrs。　Cody　when　she　wrote　the　letter

well　knew　that　her　claim　that　his　father　had　been

married　to　Mrs。　Angel　and　that　Mrs。　Pierce　was　their

daughter；　was　absolutely　false。　Two　trials　followed；

the　first　in　1898　in　which　the　jury　disagreed；　and　a

second　one　in　1899　which　lasted　over　a　week。　It

was　in　the　second　trial　that　chemical　tests　on　a　certain

entry　in　a　church　record　in　the　presence　of　the

jury　were　made；　which　showed　conclusively　that

ancient　writing　of　another　character　than　that　which

had　been　substituted　was　still　existent　beneath　the

writing　which　was　apparent　to　the　naked　eye。



The　following　are　excerpts　of　the　judge's　charge

to　the　jury：



〃I　wish　to　invite　your　attention；　for　a　few　moments；

to　the　baptismal　certificate。　You　have　had

produced　here　before　you　the　original　baptismal

record　of　the　church　at　Cooperville。　It　has　been

substantially　admitted；　in　the　arguments　of　this

case；　that　there　has　been　a　change　made　in　this

certificate。　I　do　not　think　that　the　District　Attorney

claims　that　there　is　any　evidence　that　Mrs。

Cody　herself　changed　this　record；　there　is　no

claim；　as　I　understand　it；　made　by　the　prosecuting

officer　that　she　went　there　and　obtained　this　book；

and　with　her　own　hand　changed　this　record；　but

he　asks　you　to　infer　and　find　from　the　evidence

that　has　been　given；　that　she　was　a　party　to　this

change；　that　she　was　privy　to　this　change；　and　that

knowing　that　fact　she　had　guilty　knowledge　when

she　wrote　the　letter　upon　which　the　indictment　is

based。



〃You　will　remember　that　Mr。　Carvalho；　the

expert　in　handwriting；　was　placed　upon　the　stand；

and　he　has　testified　in　your　presence　as　to　his

qualifications　in　determining　disputed　handwritings；

and　what　his　experience　has　been　during　a　long

series　of　years。　He　tells　you　that　he　has　examined

this　record；　and　that　there　is　no　question　but　some

of　the　words　have　been　erased　and　others　substituted

in　their　places。　He　tells　you　that　the　words

'Jay　Goulds'　were　not　the　original　words　in　the

certificate；　or　if　they　were；　the　present　'Jay

Goulds；'　as　they　appear　in　the　certificate；　have

been　forged；　that　the　words　'Mary　S。　Brown；'

the　'sex　mois；'　the　French　words　for　six　months；

and　other　changes　which　he　has　described　to　you

are　forgeries。



〃I　shall　submit　to　you；　as　a　question　of　fact；

whether　or　not　Mrs。　Cody　had　any　knowledge　or

took　any　part；　or　authorized　or　connived　at　any　of

the　changes　made　in　this　certificate。　I　do　not

say　that　she　did；　I　leave　it　to　you　to　say；　from

the　evidence　in　this　case；　whether　your　minds　are

convinced　that　she　had　any　part　or　parcel；　or

undertook　in　any　way　to　accomplish　the　changes

which　have　been　made　in　this　baptismal　record。

And　if　you　find　as　matter　of　fact　that　she　had

such　knowledge　at　the　time　this　letter　was　written；

if　you　find　as　matter　of　fact　she　had　this　information

given　to　her　by　Mrs。　Angel；　then　I　leave　it

to　you　to　say　whether　she　had　such　knowledge；

such　guilty　knowledge；　as　should　prevent　her；　if　acting

honestly；　from　writing　a　letter　such　as　has　been

described　here　and　contained　in　the　indictment。〃



The　jury　brought　in　a　verdict　of　guilty。



In　the　trial　of　the　People　v。　David　L。　Kellam　（1895）；

who　was　charged　with　altering　the　dates　of　three

notes　for　6；000　each；　the　contention　of　the　prosecution

was　that　the　dates　of　the　notes　had　been　changed

by　chemicals；　and　with　the　consent　of　the　defense　a

reagent　was　applied　to　the　suspected　places　and　the

original　dates　restored。　The　verdict　of　the　jury　was

guilty。



In　the　Holt　Will　case；　tried　in　Washington；　D。　C。；

in　the　month　of　June；　1896；　great　stress　was　laid　on

the　fact　of　the　difference　in　the　admixture　of　inks

found　on　letters　contemporaneous　with　the　date　of

the　will；　and　it　was　asserted　also　that　the　ink　with

which　the　will　was　written　was　not　in　existence　at

the　time　it　was　alleged　to　have　been　made；　June　14；

1873；　and　probably　not　earlier　than　ten　years　later。

Furthermore；　that　it　was　a　habit　of　Judge　Holt　up　to

the　time　of　his　death；　which　habit　was　illustrated　in

his　writings　and　correspondence　to　〃sand〃　his　writing。

The　jury　decided　the　will　was　a　forgery。



Another　famous　case　in　which　the　scientific　testimony

about　ink　and　pencil　writing　must　have　assisted

the　court　in　arriving　at　a　conclusion　was　in　the　trial

of　the　famous　Tighe　will　contest；　tried　before　Hon。

Frank　T。　Fitzgerald；　one　of　the　present　surrogates　of

the　county　of　New　York。　The　story　of　this　case　is

incorporated　in　the　opinion　which　is　cited　in　part：



〃Hon。　Frank　T。　Fitzgerald；　Surrogate　of　the

county　of　New　York：



〃That　Richard　Tighe　died　on　the　6th　day　of

May；　1896；　at　No。　32　Union　Square；　in　the　city

and　county　of　New　York；　where　he　had　lived　for

fifty　years　prior　to　his　death；　and　was　at　the　time

of　his　death　over　ninety　years。



〃That　the　testator；　on　or　about　the　27th　day　of

March；　1884；　in　the　presence　of　the　attesting　witnesses；

duly　signed　the　instrument　in　writing；　and

duly　published　and　declared　the　same　to　be　his　last

will　and　testament；　and　requested　said　witnesses

to　witness　the　same；　and　pursuant　to　such　request

said　attesting　witnesses　did　subscribe　said　will　as

attesting　witnesses。　That　at　the　time　said　Richard

Tighe　so　signed；　published　and　declared　the　said

instrument　to　be　his　last　will　and　testament；　the

said　Richard　Tighe　was　in　all　respects　competent

to　execute　the　same；　and　was　not　under　any　restraint

or　undue　influence。　That　the　said　instrument；

so　signed；　published　and　declared　by

testator　was　and　consisted　of　the　identical　sheets

of　paper　and　the　identical　writing　now　appearing

upon　the　same　as　to　all　except　pencil　writing；　the

testator　did　not　publish　or　declare　the　marks；　words

or　figures　written　in　or　upon　said　instrument　in

pencil　to　be　a　part　of　his　last　will　and　testament；

and　it　is　not　found　that　such　marks；　words　or　figures

were　upon　said　instrument　at　the　time　when

said　instrument　was　so　published　and　declared　to

be　the　last　will　and　testament　of　the　testator。

That　the　said　last　will　and　testament　is　written

consecutively　upon　two　sheets　of　legal　cap　paper。



〃That　the　said　last　will　and　testament　was　originally

prepared　with　blank　spaces　left　for　the

insertion　of　the　numbers　of　shares　intended　to　be

bequeathed　and　devised　to　the　various　beneficiaries

named　therein；　and　as　so　prepared　was　in　the

hand…writing　of　Caroline　S。　Tighe；　the　wife　of　testator；

and　that　at　some　subsequent　time　and　before

the　execution　of　the　said　instrument　by　the　said

Richard　Tighe；　the　blank　spaces　hereinafter　referred

to　as　filled　in　in　ink；　were　filled　in　by　or　under　the

direction　of　the　testator。　Upon　said　instrument

as　offered　for　probate　there　appears　in　the　blanks

originally　left　thereon；　in　some　instances；　pencil

writings　superimposed　over　other　pencil　writings；

which　have　been　either　wholly　or　partially　erased；

and　in　other　instances　ink　writing　different　from

the　body　of　the　instrument　in　the　material　employed；

appearing　over　pencil　writings　wholly　or

partially　obliterated。　。　。



〃That　the　said　words　written　in　ink　filling　such

blanks　as　aforesaid　expressed　the　final　determination

of　the　testator　with　regard　to　the　beneficiaries

to　whom　the　same　applied；　and　that　the　words

and　figures　written　in　pencil　filling　such　blanks　as

aforesaid　were　written　only　deliberately　and　tentatively

and　that　as　to　those　words　and　figures　the

testator　had　not　at　the　time　when　he　executed；

published　or　declared　said　instrument　to　be　his

last　will　and　testament　determined　as　to　whom　or

in　what　proportions　he　would　give　the　several

shares　of　his　estate　and　property　covered　by　said

words　and　figures；　but　the　testator　attempted

and　intended　to　reserve　to　himself　the　power　of

making　disposition　of　said　shares　thereafter；　and

intended　the　final　disposition　thereof　to　be　in　ink

writing。　。　。　。〃







CHAPTER　XXIV。



CHEMICO…LEGAL　INK　（CONTINUED）。



FAMOUS　CASE　OF　CRITTEN　V。　CHEMICAL　NATIONAL

BANKSTORY　OF　THE　CASE　INCLUDED　IN　THE

OPINION　OF　THE　COURT　OF　APPEALS　AS　WRITTEN　BY

JUSTICE　EDGAR　M。　CULLENTHE　PINKERTON　CASE　OF

〃BECKER〃STORY　OF　HOW　HE　SECURED　20；000

THROUGH　THE　ALTERATION　OF　A　12　CHECKBECKER'S

COMMENTS　ABOUT　HIMSELFA　CRITICISM　OF

BECKER　AND　HIS　WORKNAMES　OF　SOME　CASES

IN　WHICH　CHEMICAL　EVIDENCE　WAS　PRESENTED　TO

COURTS　AND　JURIES。



THE　books　contain　no　clearer　or　more　forcible　exposition

of　〃Chemico…legal〃　ink；　in　its　relationship　to

facts　adduced　from　illustrated　scientific　testimony；　than

is　to　be　found　in　the　final　opinion　written　by　that

eminent　jurist　Hon。　Edgar　M。　Cullen　on　behalf　of　the

majority　of　the　Court　of　Appeals　of　the　State　of　New

York；　in　the　case　of　De　Frees　Critten　v。　The　Chemical

National　Bank。　It　was　the　author's　privilege　to　be　the

expert　employed　in　the　lower　court　about　whose　testimony

Judge　Cullen　remarks　（N。　Y。　Rep。；　171；　p。　223）

〃The　alteration　of　the　checks　by　Davis　was　established

beyond　contradiction；〃　and　again；　p。　227；　〃The　skill

of　the　criminal　has　kept　pace　with　the　advance　in

honest　arts　and　a　forgery　may　be　made　so　skillfully

as　to　deceive　not　only　the　bank　but　the　drawer　of　the

check　as　to　the　genuineness　of　h