essays and lectures- 第14部分

never　mourned　for　the　daughter　of　Demeter　in　the　asphodel　meadows

of　Sicily；　nor　traversed　the　glades　of　Cithaeron　with　fawn…skin　and

with　spear。



This　brief　sketch　of　the　condition　of　Roman　thought　will　serve　to

prepare　us　for　the　almost　total　want　of　scientific　historical

criticism　which　we　shall　discern　in　their　literature；　and　has；

besides；　afforded　fresh　corroboration　of　the　conditions　essential

to　the　rise　of　this　spirit；　and　of　the　modes　of　thought　which　it

reflects　and　in　which　it　is　always　to　be　found。　　Roman　historical

composition　had　its　origin　in　the　pontifical　college　of

ecclesiastical　lawyers；　and　preserved　to　its　close　the　uncritical

spirit　which　characterised　its　fountain…head。　　It　possessed　from

the　outset　a　most　voluminous　collection　of　the　materials　of

history；　which；　however；　produced　merely　antiquarians；　not

historians。　　It　is　so　hard　to　use　facts；　so　easy　to　accumulate

them。



Wearied　of　the　dull　monotony　of　the　pontifical　annals；　which　dwelt

on　little　else　but　the　rise　and　fall　in　provisions　and　the　eclipses

of　the　sun；　Cato　wrote　out　a　history　with　his　own　hand　for　the

instruction　of　his　child；　to　which　he　gave　the　name　of　Origines；

and　before　his　time　some　aristocratic　families　had　written

histories　in　Greek　much　in　the　same　spirit　in　which　the　Germans　of

the　eighteenth　century　used　French　as　the　literary　language。　　But

the　first　regular　Roman　historian　is　Sallust。　　Between　the

extravagant　eulogies　passed　on　this　author　by　the　French　（such　as

De　Closset）；　and　Dr。　Mommsen's　view　of　him　as　merely　a　political

pamphleteer；　it　is　perhaps　difficult　to　reach　the　VIA　MEDIA　of

unbiassed　appreciation。　　He　has；　at　any　rate；　the　credit　of　being　a

purely　rationalistic　historian；　perhaps　the　only　one　in　Roman

literature。　　Cicero　had　a　good　many　qualifications　for　a　scientific

historian；　and　（as　he　usually　did）　thought　very　highly　of　his　own

powers。　　On　passages　of　ancient　legend；　however；　he　is　rather

unsatisfactory；　for　while　he　is　too　sensible　to　believe　them　he　is

too　patriotic　to　reject　them。　　And　this　is　really　the　attitude　of

Livy；　who　claims　for　early　Roman　legend　a　certain　uncritical　homage

from　the　rest　of　the　subject　world。　　His　view　in　his　history　is

that　it　is　not　worth　while　to　examine　the　truth　of　these　stories。



In　his　hands　the　history　of　Rome　unrolls　before　our　eyes　like　some

gorgeous　tapestry；　where　victory　succeeds　victory；　where　triumph

treads　on　the　heels　of　triumph；　and　the　line　of　heroes　seems　never

to　end。　　It　is　not　till　we　pass　behind　the　canvas　and　see　the

slight　means　by　which　the　effect　is　produced　that　we　apprehend　the

fact　that　like　most　picturesque　writers　Livy　is　an　indifferent

critic。　　As　regards　his　attitude　towards　the　credibility　of　early

Roman　history　he　is　quite　as　conscious　as　we　are　of　its　mythical

and　unsound　nature。　　He　will　not；　for　instance；　decide　whether　the

Horatii　were　Albans　or　Romans；　who　was　the　first　dictator；　how　many

tribunes　there　were；　and　the　like。　　His　method；　as　a　rule；　is

merely　to　mention　all　the　accounts　and　sometimes　to　decide　in

favour　of　the　most　probable；　but　usually　not　to　decide　at　all。　　No

canons　of　historical　criticism　will　ever　discover　whether　the　Roman

women　interviewed　the　mother　of　Coriolanus　of　their　own　accord　or

at　the　suggestion　of　the　senate；　whether　Remus　was　killed　for

jumping　over　his　brother's　wall　or　because　they　quarrelled　about

birds；　whether　the　ambassadors　found　Cincinnatus　ploughing　or　only

mending　a　hedge。　　Livy　suspends　his　judgment　over　these　important

facts　and　history　when　questioned　on　their　truth　is　dumb。　　If　he

does　select　between　two　historians　he　chooses　the　one　who　is　nearer

to　the　facts　he　describes。　　But　he　is　no　critic；　only　a

conscientious　writer。　　It　is　mere　vain　waste　to　dwell　on　his

critical　powers；　for　they　do　not　exist。



In　the　case　of　Tacitus　imagination　has　taken　the　place　of　history。

The　past　lives　again　in　his　pages；　but　through　no　laborious

criticism；　rather　through　a　dramatic　and　psychological　faculty

which　he　specially　possessed。



In　the　philosophy　of　history　he　has　no　belief。　　He　can　never　make

up　his　mind　what　to　believe　as　regards　God's　government　of　the

world。　　There　is　no　method　in　him　and　none　elsewhere　in　Roman

literature。



Nations　may　not　have　missions　but　they　certainly　have　functions。

And　the　function　of　ancient　Italy　was　not　merely　to　give　us　what　is

statical　in　our　institutions　and　rational　in　our　law；　but　to　blend

into　one　elemental　creed　the　spiritual　aspirations　of　Aryan　and　of

Semite。　　Italy　was　not　a　pioneer　in　intellectual　progress；　nor　a

motive　power　in　the　evolution　of　thought。　　The　owl　of　the　goddess

of　Wisdom　traversed　over　the　whole　land　and　found　nowhere　a

resting…place。　　The　dove；　which　is　the　bird　of　Christ；　flew

straight　to　the　city　of　Rome　and　the　new　reign　began。　　It　was　the

fashion　of　early　Italian　painters　to　represent　in　mediaeval　costume

the　soldiers　who　watched　over　the　tomb　of　Christ；　and　this；　which

was　the　result　of　the　frank　anachronism　of　all　true　art；　may　serve

to　us　as　an　allegory。　　For　it　was　in　vain　that　the　Middle　Ages

strove　to　guard　the　buried　spirit　of　progress。　　When　the　dawn　of

the　Greek　spirit　arose；　the　sepulchre　was　empty；　the　grave…clothes

laid　aside。　　Humanity　had　risen　from　the　dead。



The　study　of　Greek；　it　has　been　well　said；　implies　the　birth　of

criticism；　comparison　and　research。　　At　the　opening　of　that

education　of　modern　by　ancient　thought　which　we　call　the

Renaissance；　it　was　the　words　of　Aristotle　which　sent　Columbus

sailing　to　the　New　World；　while　a　fragment　of　Pythagorean　astronomy

set　Copernicus　thinking　on　that　train　of　reasoning　which　has

revolutionised　the　whole　position　of　our　planet　in　the　universe。

Then　it　was　seen　that　the　only　meaning　of　progress　is　a　return　to

Greek　modes　of　thought。　　The　monkish　hymns　which　obscured　the　pages

of　Greek　manuscripts　were　blotted　out；　the　splendours　of　a　new

method　were　unfolded　to　the　world；　and　out　of　the　melancholy　sea　of

mediaevalism　rose　the　free　spirit　of　man　in　all　that　splendour　of

glad　adolescence；　when　the　bodily　powers　seem　quickened　by　a　new

vitality；　when　the　eye　sees　more　clearly　than　its　wont　and　the　mind

apprehends　what　was　beforetime　hidden　from　it。　　To　herald　the

opening　of　the　sixteenth　century；　from　the　little　Venetian　printing

press　came　forth　all　the　great　authors　of　antiquity；　each　bearing

on　the　title…page　the　words　＇Greek　text　which　cannot　be

reproduced＇；　words　which　may　serve　to　remind　us　with　what　wondrous

prescience　Polybius　saw　the　world's　fate　when　he　foretold　the

material　sovereignty　of　Roman　institutions　and　exemplified　in

himself　the　intellectual　empire　of　Greece。



The　course　of　the　study　of　the　spirit　of　historical　criticism　has

not　been　a　profitless　investigation　into　modes　and　forms　of　thought

now　antiquated　and　of　no　account。　　The　only　spirit　which　is

entirely　removed　from　us　is　the　mediaeval；　the　Greek　spirit　is

essentially　modern。　　The　introduction　of　the　comparative　method　of

research　which　has　forced　history　to　disclose　its　secrets　belongs

in　a　measure　to　us。　　Ours；　too；　is　a　more　scientific　knowledge　of

philology　and　the　method　of　survival。　　Nor　did　the　ancients　know

anything　of　the　doctrine　of　averages　or　of　crucial　instances；　both

of　which　methods　have　proved　of　such　importance　in　modern

criticism；　the　one　adding　a　most　important　proof　of　the　statical

elements　of　history；　and　exemplifying　the　influences　of　all

physical　surroundings　on　the　life　of　man；　the　other；　as　in　the

single　instance　of　the　Moulin　Quignon　skull；　serving　to　create　a

whole　new　science　of　prehistoric　archaeology　and　to　bring　us　back

to　a　time　when　man　was　coeval　with　the　stone　age；　the　mammoth　and

the　woolly　rhinoceros。　　But；　except　these；　we　have　added　no　new

canon　or　method　to　the　science　of　historical　criticism。　　Across　the

drear　waste　of　a　thousand　years　the　Greek　and　the　modern　spirit

join　hands。



In　the　torch　race　which　the　Greek　boys　ran　from　the　Cerameician

field　of　death　to　the　home　of　the　goddess　of　Wisdom；　not　merely　he

who　first　reached　the　goal　but　he　also　who　first　started　with　the

torch　aflame　received　a　prize。　　In　the　Lampadephoria　of

civilisation　and　free　thought　let　us　not　forget　to　render　due　meed

of　honour　to　those　who　first　lit　that　sacred　flame；　the　increasing

splendour　of　which　lights　our　footsteps　to　the　far…off　divine　event

of　the　attainment　of　perfect　truth。









THE　ENGLISH　RENAISSANCE　OF　ART









AMONG　the　many　debts　which　we　owe　to　the　supreme　aesthetic　faculty

of　Goethe　is　that　he　was　the　first　to　teach　us　to　define　beauty　in

terms　the　most　concrete　possible；　to　realise　it；　I　mean；　always　in

its　special　manifestations。　　So；　in　the　lecture　which　I　have　the

honour　to　deliver　before　you；　I　will　not　try　to　give　you　any

abstract　definition　of　beauty　…　any　such　universal　formula　for　it

as　was　sought　for　by　the　philosophy　of　the　eighteenth　century　…

still　less　to　communicate　to　you　that　which　in　its　essence　is

incommunicable；　the　virtue　by　which　a　particular　picture　or　poem

affects　us　with　a　unique　and　special　joy；　but　rather　to　point　out

to　you　the　general　ideas　which　characterise　the　great　English

Renaissance　of　Art　in　this　century；　to　discover　their　source；　as

far　as　that　is　possible；　and　to　estimate　their　future　as　far　as

that　is　possible。



I　call　it　our　English　Renaissance　because　it　is　indeed　a　sort　of

new　birth　of　the　spirit　of　man；　like　the　great　Italian　Renaissance

of　the　fifteenth　century；　in　its　desire　for　a　more　gracious　and

comely　way　of　life；　its　passion　for　physical　beauty；　its　exclusive

attention　to　form；　its　seeking　for　new　subjects　for　poetry；　new

forms　of　art；　new　intellectual　and　imaginative　enjoyments：　　and　I

call　it　our　romantic　movement　because　it　is　our　most　recent

expression　of　beauty。



It　has　been　described　as　a　mere　revival　of　Greek