ROBERT SKIDELSKY：凯恩斯解决失业问题的方案是扩大政府开支以恢复和保持充分就业。
NARRATOR： Governments； said Keynes； should spend against the wind。 In good times they should reduce their spending and build surpluses； in bad times； like the Great Depression； they should step up spending； run deficits； and put purchasing power into the hands of working people。
旁白：凯恩斯认为政府开支应该逆风而行。繁荣时期政府应该削减支出和进行储备；困难时期，比如大萧条时期，政府应该逐步增加支出，实行赤字财政，让劳动者有购买力。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY： He gave people hope that unemployment could be cured without concentration camps。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY：他给了人们希望－失业问题是可以克服的。
NARRATOR： Harvard University became an intellectual bridgehead for Keynes in America。 John Kenneth Galbraith was one of Keynes's leading apostles。
旁白：哈佛大学成为凯恩斯在美国的学术桥头堡。John Kenneth Galbraith是他最主要的追随者。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH； Professor Emeritus； Harvard University： I've said many times I think had something； maybe quite a bit； to do with bringing Keynes across the Atlantic。 I came back to find a whole group of people here who had also read The General Theory； and this was a breath of hope and optimism。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH，哈佛大学荣誉退休教授：我曾多次说过我认为把凯恩斯主义带到大西洋彼岸这件事与我有很大的关系。我回来后发现这儿有许许多多人已经看过《通论》，这是充满希望和乐观主义的。
NARRATOR： Keynes's ideas trickled down from Harvard to Washington； turning the federal government's conventional economic policies upside down。
旁白：凯恩斯的思想从哈佛传到华盛顿，完全改变了联邦政府传统的经济政策。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH： You resisted conservative finance； borrowed money； and hired people across the country； rescuing them from unemployment。 That was the basic essential and that you didn't worry about accumulating debt； or； more precisely； you worried about it； but did it anyway。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：你反对保守的财政政策，借钱来雇佣全国各地的人工作，使他们不致失业。这是基本要点，而你不担心负债的问题，或者更确切地说，你担心负债问题，但无论如何你还是要这样做。
NARRATOR： Keynes's ideas began to gain ground。
讲述者：凯恩斯的思想开始普及。
Chapter 6： Worldwide War ＇7：00＇
第六章：世界大战
Onscreen title： World War II； 1941
字幕标题：第二次世界大战，1941年
NARRATOR： It took a world war for Keynesianism to bee government policy。 As the ； high unemployment ended； and the Depression disappeared。
旁白：经过世界大战，凯恩斯理论变成了政府政策。随着美国政府大举借债并将资金用于备战，高失业率的状况得到改观，大萧条也结束了。
NEWSREEL NARRATOR： 。。。 men and women to make the uniforms； machinists to make the guns and ammunition； auto workers to produce the jeeps and trucks； to build the ships and tanks； civilian soldiers to turn out the fighters； the bombers。
新闻片旁白：……男人和女人做制服；机械师造枪炮弹药；汽车工人生产吉普和卡车，建造舰船和坦克。
NARRATOR： In charge of wartime wage and price controls； John Kenneth Galbraith saw the economy rebound。
旁白：负责战时工资和价格控制的John Kenneth Galbraith看到了经济的反弹。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH： One could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas； and I think it's fair to say that as a young Keynesian in Washington； in touch with the other Keynesians there； we all saw that very clearly at the time。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：这是凯恩斯理论的最好实证。我想可以很公正地说，作为当时在华盛顿的年轻凯恩斯主义者－与那里的其他凯恩斯主义者也有联系，我们那时都清楚地看到了这一实证。
NARRATOR： In a radio broadcast； Keynes expressed his hope that what worked in war would work in peace。
旁白：凯恩斯在无线电广播中表达了他的希望：战时起作用的，在和平时期也起作用。
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES： If expenditure on armaments really does cure unemployment； a grand experiment has begun。 Good may e out of evil。 We may learn a trick or two which will e in useful when the day of peace es。
凯恩斯：如果军备支出确实克服了失业问题，那么一个更重大的试验开始了。好事可能来自于邪恶。我们可以从中学到一或两个窍门，这在和平时期迟早用的上。
Onscreen title： London； 1944
字幕标题：伦敦，1944年
NARRATOR： Now teaching at the London School of Economics； Hayek feared that Keynes's brave new world was a big step in the wrong direction。 He attacked the growing consensus by writing The Road to Serfdom。 Sarcastically dedicated to "；socialists of all parties；"； it was a popular success。 There was even a cartoon version of it。
旁白：正在伦敦经济学院教学的哈耶克担心凯恩斯勇敢的新世界是朝着错误方向迈出的一大步。他写了《通往奴役之路》，向主流意见发起了攻击。它对“各政党中的社会主义者”进行讽刺，受到了欢迎。甚至还出现了关于它的漫画。
Its message was simple and direct： Too much government planning means too much government power； and too much government power over the economy destroys freedom and makes men slaves。 For Hayek； central planning was the first step to a totalitarian state。
它的意思很简单也很直接：太多政府计划意味着太多政府权力；政府对经济的权力太大损害自由，而且使人们成为奴隶。在哈耶克看来，中央计划是成为极权主义国家的第一步。
GEOFFREY HARCOURT： Well； Hayek thought that since freedom was an absolute； you must let a petitive system just work itself out。 And if at times that meant there was considerable unemployment； well； that's what you had to put up with
GEOFFREY HARCOURT：哈耶克认为既然自由是绝对的，那么你必须让竞争体系完全依靠自身解决问题。如果有时候这意味着相当多的失业，那也是你所必须忍受的。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY： Hayek always rejected macroeconomics。 He rejected any government intervention during the Great Depression itself； whereas Keynes was an activist。 He said in the long run we're all dead； and in the long run if we allow things to go on without remedy； we get lots of Hitlers； lots of wars； and lots of Stalins。 And who was right？
ROBERT SKIDELSKY：哈耶克一直抵制宏观经济学。大萧条时期他反对任何政府干预，而凯恩斯则是一个激进分子。他说长期来看我们都会死亡，长期来看如果我们允许事情自由发展，就会产生许多希特勒，许多战争和许多斯大林。那么谁是正确的？
NARRATOR： Most people would have agreed with Keynes when he wrote this to Hayek。
旁白：在凯恩斯写这些给哈耶克的时候多数人同意凯恩斯的观点。
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES： What we want is not no planning； or even less planning。 We almost certainly want more。
凯恩斯：我们想要的不是没有计划，甚至也不是较少的计划。我们几乎肯定想要更多的计划。
NARRATOR： In the battle of ideas； Hayek was on the losing side。
旁白：在这场思想战争中，哈耶克处于下风。
FRIEDRICH VON HAYEK： I had a fairly good reputation as an economic theorist in 1944 when I published The Road to Serfdom； and it was treated even by the academic munity very largely as a malicious effort by a reactionary to destroy high ideals。
哈耶克：1944年出版《通往奴役之路》（The Road to Serfdom）时，作为经济理论家我的声望相当高。《通往奴役之路》（The Road to Serfdom）甚至被一个学术团体在很大程度上作为对崇高理想的恶毒攻击。
Onscreen title： New Hampshire； 1944
字幕标题：新罕布什尔州，1944年
NARRATOR： With the world at war； Keynes traveled to Bretton Woods and a grand resort hotel。 Here； delegates gathered from all over the world to anize the postwar economy。
旁白：世界大战还在进行。凯恩斯来到布雷顿森林，来自世界各地的代表正聚集在这里商讨重建战后经济。
The Bretton Woods Conference created the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund。 They were designed to bring stability to the world economy and prevent the unemployment and the depression of 1930s。
布雷顿森林会议建立了世界银行和国际货币基金组织，它们被预定用于稳定世界经济，防止出现三十年代那样的高失业和大萧条。
Keynes's idealism and humanity were an inspiration。
凯恩斯的理想主义和博爱是一个启示。
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES： There has never been such a farreaching proposal on so great a scale to provide employment in the present and increase productivity in the future。 And I doubt if the world understands how big a thing we are bringing to birth。
凯恩斯：这个具有深远意义的提议前所未有，它在如此大的范围内提供当前的就业机会并在未来提高生产率。我怀疑世界是否明白我们正在做一件多么重要的事情。
NARRATOR： Keynes did not have long to live。 Ill and overworked； his health gave way； but his reputation and influence outlived him。
旁白：凯恩斯不久就逝世了，疾病和过度劳累毁掉了他的健康。但是他的声望和影响长存。
FRIEDRICH VON HAYEK： When Keynes died； Keynes and I were the best known economists。 Then two things happened。 Keynes died and was raised to sainthood； and I discredited myself by publishing The Road to Serfdom。 And that changed the situation pletely。 And for the following 30 years； it was only Keynes who counted； and I was gradually almost fotten。
哈耶克：凯恩斯逝世的时候，他和我是最著名的经济学家。当时发生了两件事：凯恩斯去世并被提升为圣人；我则因为出版了《通往奴役之路》（The Road to Serfdom）而毁了自己的名誉。情势完全转变了。在随后的三十年中只有凯恩斯受到尊崇，而我则几乎渐渐被遗忘了。
Onscreen title： VE Day； 1945
字幕标题：二次大战盟国结束欧战胜利日，1945年
NARRATOR： The war was over； and the troops came marching home。
旁白：战争结束了，军队回家了。
The final summit conference of the three wartime allies took place in a palace in the Berlin suburb of Potsdam。 Truman； Churchill； and Stalin came to plan the peace and to redraw the map of Europe。 Their different economic systems offered alternative paths to prosperity。 But the Great Depression continued to cast its long shadow。
三个战时盟国的最后一次首脑会议在柏林郊区的波茨坦举行。杜鲁门、邱吉尔和斯大林开始筹划和平并重新划分欧洲版图。他们不同的经济体制为繁荣提供了可供选择的道路，但是仍继续长期处在大萧条的阴影之下。
JEFFREY SACHS： There's no doubt that at the end of World War II there was a tremendous loss of faith in the market economy。 You had a feeling in large parts of the world； "；We don't want to go that way。 We want to go a better way。"；
杰裴里。萨克斯：毫无疑问，二战结束时人们对市场经济的信心遭到了极大打击。世界上很多地方都有这种感觉，“我们不想重蹈覆辙，我们想走一条更好的路。”
Chapter 7： Planning the Peace ＇6：47＇
第七章：筹划和平
Onscreen title： Britain； 1945
字幕标题：柏林，1945年
NARRATOR： In Britain； the troops were ing home to a general election。
旁白：在英国，军队返回家园并进行大选。
TONY BENN； Labor Candidate； 1945： Well； I came back in a troop ship in the summer of 1945； and I was a pilot in the Royal Air Force； and I was picked as a 19yearold to be the Labor candidate。 All these