um throughout the city。
Never was any commander more astonished and confounded by a sudden reverse of fortune than El Zagal。 The evening had seen him with a powerful army at his command； his enemy within his grasp； and victory about to cover him with glory and to consolidate his power： the morning beheld him a fugitive among the mountains； his army； his prosperity； his power； all dispelled； he knew not howgone like a dream of the night。 In vain had he tried to stem the headlong flight of the army。 He saw his squadrons breaking and dispersing among the cliffs of the mountains； until of all his host only a handful of cavaliers remained faithful。 With these he made a gloomy retreat toward Granada； but with a heart full of foreboding。 As he drew near to the city he paused on the banks of the Xenil and sent forth scouts to collect intelligence。 They returned with dejected countenances。 〃The gates of Granada；〃 said they； 〃are closed against you。 The banner of Boabdil floats on the tower of the Alhambra。〃
El Zagal turned his steed and departed in silence。 He retreated to the town of Almunecar； and thence to Almeria； which places still remained faithful to him。 Restless and uneasy at being so distant from the capital； he again changed his abode； and repaired to the city of Guadix； within a few leagues of Granada。 Here he remained； endeavoring to rally his forces and preparing to avail himself of any sudden change in the fluctuating politics of the metropolis。
CHAPTER LI。
SURRENDER OF VELEZ MALAGA AND OTHER PLACES。
The people of Velez Malaga had beheld the camp of Muley Abdallah covering the summit of Bentomiz and glittering in the last rays of the setting sun。 During the night they had been alarmed and perplexed by signal…fires on the mountain and by the sound of distant battle。 When the morning broke the Moorish army had vanished as if by enchantment。 While the inhabitants were lost in wonder and conjecture； a body of cavalry； the fragment of the army saved by Reduan de Vanegas； the brave alcayde of Granada； came galloping to the gates。 The tidings of the strange discomfiture of the host filled the city with consternation； but Reduan exhorted the people to continue their resistance。 He was devoted to El Zagal and confident in his skill and prowess； and felt assured that he would soon collect his scattered forces and return with fresh troops from Granada。 The people were comforted by the words and encouraged by the presence of Reduan； and they had still a lingering hope that the heavy artillery of the Christians might be locked up in the impassable defiles of the mountains。 This hope was soon at an end。 The very next day they beheld long laborious lines of ordnance slowly moving into the Spanish camplombards； ribadoquines； catapults； and cars laden with munitionswhile the escort； under the brave master of Alcantara； wheeled in great battalions into the camp to augment the force of the besiegers。
The intelligence that Granada had shut its gates against El Zagal； and that no reinforcements were to be expected； completed the despair of the inhabitants； even Reduan himself lost confidence and advised capitulation。
Ferdinand granted favorable conditions； for he was eager to proceed against Malaga。 The inhabitants were permitted to depart with their effects except their arms； and to reside； if they chose it； in Spain in any place distant from the sea。 One hundred and twenty Christians of both sexes were rescued from captivity by the surrender； and were sent to Cordova； where they were received with great tenderness by the queen and her daughter the infanta Isabella in the famous cathedral in the midst of public rejoicings for the victory。
The capture of Velez Malaga was followed by the surrender of Bentomiz； Comares； and all the towns and fortresses of the Axarquia； which were strongly garrisoned； and discreet and valiant cavaliers appointed as their alcaydes。 The inhabitants of nearly forty towns of the Alpuxarras mountains also sent deputations to the Castilian sovereigns； taking the oath of allegiance as mudexares or Moslem vassals。
About the same time came letters from Boabdil el Chico announcing to the sovereigns the revolution of Granada in his favor。 He solicited kindness and protection for the inhabitants who had returned to their allegiance； and for those of all other places which should renounce adherence to his uncle。 By this means （he observed） the whole kingdom of Granada would soon be induced to acknowledge his sway； and would be held by him in faithful vassalage to the Castilian Crown。
The Catholic sovereigns complied with his request。 Protection was immediately extended to the inhabitants of Granada； permitting them to cultivate their fields in peace and to trade with the Christian territories in all articles excepting arms； being provided with letters of surety from some Christian captain or alcayde。 The same favor was promised to all other places which within six months should renounce El Zagal and come under allegiance to the younger king。 Should they not do so within that time； the sovereigns threatened to make war upon them and conquer them for themselves。 This measure had a great effect in inducing many to return to the standard of Boabdil。
Having made every necessary arrangement for the government and security of the newly…conquered territory； Ferdinand turned his attention to the great object of his campaign； the reduction of Malaga。
CHAPTER LII。
OF THE CITY OF MALAGA AND ITS INHABITANTS。MISSION OF HERNANDO DEL PULGAR。
The city of Malaga lies in the lap of a fertile valley； surrounded by mountains； excepting on the part which lies open to the sea。 As it was one of the most important； so it was one of the strongest； cities of the Moorish kingdom。 It was fortified by walls of prodigious strength studded with a great number of huge towers。 On the land side it was protected by a natural barrier of mountains； and on the other the waves of the Mediterranean beat against the foundations of its massive bulwarks。
At one end of the city； near the sea； on a high mound； stood the Alcazaba； or citadel； a fortress of great strength。 Immediately above this rose a steep and rocky mount； on the top of which in old times had been a pharos or lighthouse； from which the height derived its name of Gibralfaro。* It was at present crowned by an immense castle； which； from its lofty and cragged situation； its vast walls； and mighty towers； was deemed impregnable。 It communicated with the Alcazaba by a covered way six paces broad； leading down between two walls along the profile or ridge of the rock。 The castle of Gibralfaro commanded both citadel and city； and was capable； if both were taken； of maintaining a siege。 Two large suburbs adjoined the city： in the one toward the sea were the dwelling…houses of the most opulent inhabitants； adorned with hanging gardens； the other； on the land side； was thickly peopled and surrounded by strong walls and towers。
*A corruption of 〃Gibel…faro；〃 the hill of the lighthouse。
Malaga possessed a brave and numerous garrison； and the common people were active； hardy； and resolute； but the city was rich and commercial； and under the habitual control of numerous opulent merchants； who dreaded the ruinous consequences of a siege。 They were little zealous for the warlike renown of their city； and longed rather to participate in the enviable security of property and the lucrative privileges of safe traffic with the Christian territories granted to all places which declared for Boabdil。 At the head of these gainful citizens was Ali Dordux； a mighty merchant of uncounted wealth； connected； it is said； with the royal family of Granada； whose ships traded to every part of the Levant and whose word was as a law in Malaga。 Ali Dordux assembled the most opulent and important of his commercial brethren； and they repaired in a body to the Alcazaba； where they were received by the alcayde； Aben Comixa； with that deference generally shown to men of their great local dignity and power of purse。 Ali Dordux was ample and stately in his form and fluent and emphatic in his discourse； his eloquence had an effect； therefore； upon the alcayde as he represented the hopelessness of a defence of Malaga； the misery that must attend a siege； and the ruin that must follow a capture by force of arms。 On the other hand； he set forth the grace that might be obtained from the Castilian sovereigns by an early and voluntary acknowledgment of Boabdil as king； the peaceful possession of their property； and the profitable commerce with the Christian ports that would be allowed them。 He was seconded by his weighty and important coadjutors； and the alcadye； accustomed to regard them as the arbiters of the affairs of the place； yielded to their united counsels。 He departed； therefore； with all speed to the Christian camp； empowered to arrange a capitulation with the Castilian monarch； and in the mean time his brother remained in command of the Alcazaba。
There was at this time as alcayde in the old crag…built castle of Gibralfaro a warlike and fiery Moor； an implacable enemy of the Christians。 This was no other than Hamet Zeli； surnamed El Zegri； the once…formidable alcayde of Ronda and the terror of its mountains。 He had never forgiven the capture of his favorite fortress； and panted for vengeance on the Christians。 Notwithstanding his reverses； he had retained the favor of El Zagal； who knew how to appreciate a bold warrior of the kind； and had placed him in command of this important fortress of Gibralfaro。
Hamet el Zegri had gathered round him the remnant of his band of Gomeres； with others of the same tribe recently arrived from Morocco。 These fierce warriors were nestled like so many war…hawks about their lofty cliff。 They looked down with martial contempt upon the commercial city of Malaga； which they were placed to protect； or； rather； they esteemed it only for its military importance and its capability of defence。 They held no communion with its trading； gainful inhabitants； and even considered the garrison of the Alcazaba as their inferiors。 War was their pursuit and passion； they rejoiced in its turbulent and perilous scenes； and； confi