the zincali- 第27部分

stationary　in　towns　and　villages；　and　to　provide　themselves　with　



masters　whom　they　might　serve　for　their　maintenance；　or　in　default　



thereof；　to　quit　the　kingdom　at　the　end　of　sixty　days。　　No　mention　



is　made　of　the　country　to　which　they　were　expected　to　betake　



themselves　in　the　event　of　their　quitting　Spain。　　Perhaps；　as　they　



are　called　Egyptians；　it　was　concluded　that　they　would　forthwith　



return　to　Egypt；　but　the　framers　of　the　law　never　seem　to　have　



considered　what　means　these　Egyptians　possessed　of　transporting　



their　families　and　themselves　across　the　sea　to　such　a　distance；　or　



if　they　betook　themselves　to　other　countries；　what　reception　a　host　



of　people；　confessedly　thieves　and　vagabonds；　were　likely　to　meet　



with；　or　whether　it　was　fair　in　the　TWO　CHRISTIAN　PRINCES　to　get　



rid　of　such　a　nuisance　at　the　expense　of　their　neighbours。　　Such　



matters　were　of　course　left　for　the　Gypsies　themselves　to　settle。







In　this　edict；　a　class　of　individuals　is　mentioned　in　conjunction　



with　the　Gitanos；　or　Gypsies；　but　distinguished　from　them　by　the　



name　of　foreign　tinkers；　or　Calderos　estrangeros。　　By　these；　we　



presume；　were　meant　the　Calabrians；　who　are　still　to　be　seen　upon　



the　roads　of　Spain；　wandering　about　from　town　to　town；　in　much　the　



same　way　as　the　itinerant　tinkers　of　England　at　the　present　day。　　A　



man；　half　a　savage；　a　haggard　woman；　who　is　generally　a　Spaniard；　a　



wretched　child；　and　still　more　miserable　donkey；　compose　the　group；　



the　gains　are　of　course　exceedingly　scanty；　nevertheless　this　life；　



seemingly　so　wretched；　has　its　charms　for　these　outcasts；　who　live　



without　care　and　anxiety；　without　a　thought　beyond　the　present　



hour；　and　who　sleep　as　sound　in　ruined　posadas　and　ventas；　or　in　



ravines　amongst　rocks　and　pines；　as　the　proudest　grandee　in　his　



palace　at　Seville　or　Madrid。







Don　Carlos　and　Donna　Juanna；　at　Toledo；　1539；　confirmed　the　edict　



of　Medina　del　Campo　against　the　Egyptians；　with　the　addition；　that　



if　any　Egyptian；　after　the　expiration　of　the　sixty　days；　should　be　



found　wandering　about；　he　should　be　sent　to　the　galleys　for　six　



years；　if　above　the　age　of　twenty　and　under　that　of　fifty；　and　if　



under　or　above　those　years；　punished　as　the　preceding　law　provides。







Philip　the　Second；　at　Madrid；　1586；　after　commanding　that　all　the　



laws　and　edicts　be　observed；　by　which　the　Gypsies　are　forbidden　to　



wander　about；　and　commanded　to　establish　themselves；　ordains；　with　



the　view　of　restraining　their　thievish　and　cheating　practices；　that　



none　of　them　be　permitted　to　sell　anything；　either　within　or　



without　fairs　or　markets；　if　not　provided　with　a　testimony　signed　



by　the　notary　public；　to　prove　that　they　have　a　settled　residence；　



and　where　it　may　be；　which　testimony　must　also　specify　and　describe　



the　horses；　cattle；　linen；　and　other　things；　which　they　carry　forth　



for　sale；　otherwise　they　are　to　be　punished　as　thieves；　and　what　



they　attempt　to　sell　considered　as　stolen　property。







Philip　the　Third；　at　Belem；　in　Portugal；　1619；　commands　all　the　



Gypsies　of　the　kingdom　to　quit　the　same　within　the　term　of　six　



months；　and　never　to　return；　under　pain　of　death；　those　who　should　



wish　to　remain　are　to　establish　themselves　in　cities；　towns；　and　



villages；　of　one　thousand　families　and　upwards；　and　are　not　to　be　



allowed　the　use　of　the　dress；　name；　and　language　of　Gypsies；　IN　



ORDER　THAT；　FORASMUCH　AS　THEY　ARE　NOT　SUCH　BY　NATION；　THIS　NAME　AND　



MANNER　OF　LIFE　MAY　BE　FOR　EVERMORE　CONFOUNDED　AND　FORGOTTEN。　　They　



are　moreover　forbidden；　under　the　same　penalty；　to　have　anything　to　



do　with　the　buying　or　selling　of　cattle；　whether　great　or　small。







The　most　curious　portion　of　the　above　law　is　the　passage　in　which　



these　people　are　declared　not　to　be　Gypsies　by　nation。　　If　they　are　



not　Gypsies；　who　are　they　then？　　Spaniards？　　If　so；　what　right　had　



the　King　of　Spain　to　send　the　refuse　of　his　subjects　abroad；　to　



corrupt　other　lands；　over　which　he　had　no　jurisdiction？







The　Moors　were　sent　back　to　Africa；　under　some　colour　of　justice；　



as　they　came　originally　from　that　part　of　the　world；　but　what　would　



have　been　said　to　such　a　measure；　if　the　edict　which　banished　them　



had　declared　that　they　were　not　Moors；　but　Spaniards？







The　law；　moreover；　in　stating　that　they　are　not　Gypsies　by　nation；　



seems　to　have　forgotten　that　in　that　case　it　would　be　impossible　to　



distinguish　them　from　other　Spaniards；　so　soon　as　they　should　have　



dropped　the　name；　language；　and　dress　of　Gypsies。　　How；　provided　



they　were　like　other　Spaniards；　and　did　not　carry　the　mark　of　



another　nation　on　their　countenances；　could　it　be　known　whether　or　



not　they　obeyed　the　law；　which　commanded　them　to　live　only　in　



populous　towns　or　villages；　or　how　could　they　be　detected　in　the　



buying　or　selling　of　cattle；　which　the　law　forbids　them　under　pain　



of　death？







The　attempt　to　abolish　the　Gypsy　name　and　manner　of　life　might　have　



been　made　without　the　assertion　of　a　palpable　absurdity。







Philip　the　Fourth；　May　8；　1633；　after　reference　to　the　evil　lives　



and　want　of　religion　of　the　Gypsies；　and　the　complaints　made　



against　them　by　prelates　and　others；　declares　'that　the　laws　



hitherto　adopted　since　the　year　1499；　have　been　inefficient　to　



restrain　their　excesses；　that　they　are　not　Gypsies　by　origin　or　



nature；　but　have　adopted　this　form　of　life'；　and　then；　after　



forbidding　them；　according　to　custom；　the　dress　and　language　of　



Gypsies；　under　the　usual　severe　penalties；　he　ordains：…







'1st。　　That　under　the　same　penalties；　the　aforesaid　people　shall；　



within　two　months；　leave　the　quarters　（barrios）　where　they　now　live　



with　the　denomination　of　Gitanos；　and　that　they　shall　separate　from　



each　other；　and　mingle　with　the　other　inhabitants；　and　that　they　



shall　hold　no　more　meetings；　neither　in　public　nor　in　secret；　that　



the　ministers　of　justice　are　to　observe；　with　particular　diligence；　



how　they　fulfil　these　commands；　and　whether　they　hold　communication　



with　each　other；　or　marry　amongst　themselves；　and　how　they　fulfil　



the　obligations　of　Christians　by　assisting　at　sacred　worship　in　the　



churches；　upon　which　latter　point　they　are　to　procure　information　



with　all　possible　secrecy　from　the　curates　and　clergy　of　the　



parishes　where　the　Gitanos　reside。







'2ndly。　　And　in　order　to　extirpate；　in　every　way；　the　name　of　



Gitanos；　we　ordain　that　they　be　not　called　so；　and　that　no　one　



venture　to　call　them　so；　and　that　such　shall　be　esteemed　a　very　



heavy　injury；　and　shall　be　punished　as　such；　if　proved；　and　that　



nought　pertaining　to　the　Gypsies；　their　name；　dress；　or　actions；　be　



represented；　either　in　dances　or　in　any　other　performance；　under　



the　penalty　of　two　years'　banishment；　and　a　mulct　of　fifty　thousand　



maravedis　to　whomsoever　shall　offend　for　the　first　time；　and　double　



punishment　for　the　second。'







The　above　two　articles　seem　to　have　in　view　the　suppression　and　



breaking　up　of　the　Gypsy　colonies　established　in　the　large　towns；　



more　especially　the　suburbs；　farther　on；　mention　is　made　of　the　



wandering　bands。







'4thly。　　And　forasmuch　as　we　have　understood　that　numerous　Gitanos　



rove　in　bands　through　various　parts　of　the　kingdom；　committing　



robberies　in　uninhabited　places；　and　even　invading　some　small　



villages；　to　the　great　terror　and　danger　of　the　inhabitants；　we　



give　by　this　our　law　a　general　commission　to　all　ministers　of　



justice；　whether　appertaining　to　royal　domains；　lordships；　or　



abbatial　territories；　that　every　one　may；　in　his　district；　proceed　



to　the　imprisonment　and　chastisement　of　the　delinquents；　and　may　



pass　beyond　his　own　jurisdiction　in　pursuit　of　them；　and　we　also　



command　all　the　ministers　of　justice　aforesaid；　that　on　receiving　



information　that　Gitanos　or　highwaymen　are　prowling　in　their　



districts；　they　do　assemble　at　an　appointed　day；　and　with　the　



necessary　preparation　of　men　and　arms　they　do　hunt　down；　take；　and　



deliver　them　under　a　good　guard　to　the　nearest　officer　holding　the　



royal　commission。'







Carlos　the　Second　followed　in　the　footsteps　of　his　predecessors；　



with　respect　to　the　Gitanos。　　By　a　law　of　the　20th　of　November　



1692；　he　inhibits　the　Gitanos　from　living　in　towns　of　less　than　one　



thousand　heads　of　families　（vecinos）；　and　pursuing　any　trade　or　



employment；　save　the　cultivation　of　the　ground；　from　going　in　the　



dress　of　Gypsies；　or　speaking　the　language　or　gibberish　which　they　



use；　from　living　apart　in　any　particular　quarter　of　the　town；　from　



visiting　fairs　with　cattle；　great　or　small；　or　even　selling　or　



exchanging　such　at　any　time；　unless　with　the　testimonial　of　the　



public　notary；　that　they　were　bred　within　their　own　houses。　　By　



this　law　they　are　also　forbidden　to　have　firearms　in　their　



possession。







So　far　from　being　abashed　by　this　law；　or　the　preceding　one；　the　



Gitanos　seem　to　have　increased　in　excesses　of　every　kind。　　Only　



three　years　after　（12th　June　1695）；　the　same　monarch　deemed　it　



necessary　to　publish　a　new　law　for　their　persecution　and　



chastisement。　　This　law；　which　is　exceedingly　severe；　consists　of　



twenty…nine　articles。　　By　the　fourth　they　are　forbidden　any　other　



exercise　or　manner　of　life　than　that　of　the　cultivation　of　the　



fields；　in　which　their　wives　and　children；　if　of　competent　age；　are　



to　assist　them。







Of　every　other　office；　employment；　or　commerce；　they　are　declared　



incapable；　and　especially　of　being　BLACKSMITHS。







By　the　fifth；　they　are　forbidden　to　keep　horses　or　mares；　either　



within　or　without　their　houses；　or　to　make　use　of　them　in　any　way　



whatever；　under　the　penalty　of　two　months'　i