the zincali- 第28部分

within　or　without　their　houses；　or　to　make　use　of　them　in　any　way　



whatever；　under　the　penalty　of　two　months'　imprisonment　and　the　



forfeiture　of　such　animals；　and　any　one　lending　them　a　horse　or　a　



mare　is　to　forfeit　the　same；　if　it　be　found　in　their　possession。　　



They　are　declared　only　capable　of　keeping　a　mule；　or　some　lesser　



beast；　to　assist　them　in　their　labour；　or　for　the　use　of　their　



families。







By　the　twelfth；　they　are　to　be　punished　with　six　years　in　the　



galleys；　if　they　leave　the　towns　or　villages　in　which　they　are　



located；　and　pass　to　others；　or　wander　in　the　fields　or　roads；　and　



they　are　only　to　be　permitted　to　go　out；　in　order　to　exercise　the　



pursuit　of　husbandry。　　In　this　edict；　particular　mention　is　made　of　



the　favour　and　protection　shown　to　the　Gitanos；　by　people　of　



various　descriptions；　by　means　of　which　they　had　been　enabled　to　



follow　their　manner　of　life　undisturbed；　and　to　baffle　the　severity　



of　the　laws：…







'Article　16。　…　And　because　we　understand　that　the　continuance　in　



these　kingdoms　of　those　who　are　called　Gitanos　has　depended　on　the　



favour；　protection；　and　assistance　which　they　have　experienced　from　



persons　of　different　stations；　we　do　ordain；　that　whosoever；　



against　whom　shall　be　proved　the　fact　of　having；　since　the　day　of　



the　publication　hereof；　favoured；　received；　or　assisted　the　said　



Gitanos；　in　any　manner　whatever；　whether　within　their　houses　or　



without；　the　said　person；　provided　he　is　noble；　shall　be　subjected　



to　the　fine　of　six　thousand　ducats；　the　half　of　which　shall　be　



applied　to　our　treasury；　and　the　other　half　to　the　expenses　of　the　



prosecution；　and；　if　a　plebeian；　to　a　punishment　of　ten　years　in　



the　galleys。　　And　we　declare；　that　in　order　to　proceed　to　the　



infliction　of　such　fine　and　punishment；　the　evidence　of　two　



respectable　witnesses；　without　stain　or　suspicion；　shall　be　



esteemed　legitimate　and　conclusive；　although　they　depose　to　



separate　acts；　or　three　depositions　of　the　Gitanos　themselves；　MADE　



UPON　THE　RACK；　although　they　relate　to　separate　and　different　acts　



of　abetting　and　harbouring。'







The　following　article　is　curious；　as　it　bears　evidence　to　Gypsy　



craft　and　cunning：…







'Article　18。　…　And　whereas　it　is　very　difficult　to　prove　against　



the　Gitanos　the　robberies　and　delinquencies　which　they　commit；　



partly　because　they　happen　in　uninhabited　places；　but　more　



especially　on　account　of　the　MALICE　and　CUNNING　with　which　they　



execute　them；　we　do　ordain；　in　order　that　they　may　receive　the　



merited　chastisement；　that　to　convict；　in　these　cases；　those　who　



are　called　Gitanos；　the　depositions　of　the　persons　whom　they　have　



robbed　in　uninhabited　places　shall　be　sufficient；　provided　there　



are　at　least　two　witnesses　to　one　and　the　same　fact；　and　these　of　



good　fame　and　reputation；　and　we　also　declare；　that　the　CORPUS　



DELICTI　may　be　proved　in　the　same　manner　in　these　cases；　in　order　



that　the　culprits　may　be　proceeded　against；　and　condemned　to　the　



corresponding　pains　and　punishments。'







The　council　of　Madrid　published　a　schedule；　18th　of　August　1705；　



from　which　it　appears　that　the　villages　and　roads　were　so　much　



infested　by　the　Gitano　race；　that　there　was　neither　peace　nor　



safety　for　labourers　and　travellers；　the　corregidors　and　justices　



are　therefore　exhorted　to　use　their　utmost　endeavour　to　apprehend　



these　outlaws；　and　to　execute　upon　them　the　punishments　enjoined　by　



the　preceding　law。　　The　ministers　of　justice　are　empowered　to　fire　



upon　them　as　public　enemies；　wherever　they　meet　them；　in　case　of　



resistance　or　refusal　to　deliver　up　the　arms　they　carry　about　them。







Philip　the　Fifth；　by　schedule；　October　1st；　1726；　forbade　any　



complaints　which　the　Gitanos　might　have　to　make　against　the　



inferior　justices　being　heard　in　the　higher　tribunals；　and；　on　that　



account；　banished　all　the　Gypsy　women　from　Madrid；　and；　indeed；　



from　all　towns　where　royal　audiences　were　held；　it　being　the　custom　



of　the　women　to　flock　up　to　the　capital　from　the　small　towns　and　



villages；　under　pretence　of　claiming　satisfaction　for　wrongs　



inflicted　upon　their　husbands　and　relations；　and　when　there　to　



practise　the　art　of　divination；　and　to　sing　obscene　songs　through　



the　streets；　by　this　law；　also；　the　justices　are　particularly　



commanded　not　to　permit　the　Gitanos　to　leave　their　places　of　



domicile；　except　in　cases　of　very　urgent　necessity。







This　law　was　attended　with　the　same　success　as　the　others；　the　



Gitanos　left　their　places　of　domicile　whenever　they　thought　proper；　



frequented　the　various　fairs；　and　played　off　their　jockey　tricks　as　



usual；　or　traversed　the　country　in　armed　gangs；　plundering　the　



small　villages；　and　assaulting　travellers。







The　same　monarch；　in　October；　published　another　law　against　them；　



from　St。　Lorenzo；　of　the　Escurial。　　From　the　words　of　this　edict；　



and　the　measures　resolved　upon；　the　reader　may　form　some　idea　of　



the　excesses　of　the　Gitanos　at　this　period。　　They　are　to　be　hunted　



down　with　fire　and　sword；　and　even　the　sanctity　of　the　temples　is　



to　be　invaded　in　their　pursuit；　and　the　Gitanos　dragged　from　the　



horns　of　the　altar；　should　they　flee　thither　for　refuge。　　It　was　



impossible；　in　Spain；　to　carry　the　severity　of　persecution　farther；　



as　the　very　parricide　was　in　perfect　safety；　could　he　escape　to　the　



church。　　Here　follows　part　of　this　law：…







'I　have　resolved　that　all　the　lord…lieutenants；　intendants；　and　



corregidors　shall　publish　proclamations；　and　fix　edicts；　to　the　



effect　that　all　the　Gitanos　who　are　domiciled　in　the　cities　and　



towns　of　their　jurisdiction　shall　return　within　the　space　of　



fifteen　days　to　their　places　of　domicile；　under　penalty　of　being　



declared；　at　the　expiration　of　that　term；　as　public　banditti；　



subject　to　be　fired　at　in　the　event　of　being　found　with　arms；　or　



without　them；　beyond　the　limits　of　their　places　of　domicile；　and　at　



the　expiration　of　the　term　aforesaid；　the　lord…lieutenants；　



intendants；　and　corregidors　are　strictly　commanded；　that　either　



they　themselves；　or　suitable　persons　deputed　by　them；　march　out　



with　armed　soldiery；　or　if　there　be　none　at　hand；　with　the　



militias；　and　their　officers；　accompanied　by　the　horse　rangers；　



destined　for　the　protection　of　the　revenue；　for　the　purpose　of　



scouring　the　whole　district　within　their　jurisdiction；　making　use　



of　all　possible　diligence　to　apprehend　such　Gitanos　as　are　to　be　



found　on　the　public　roads　and　other　places　beyond　their　domiciliary　



bounds；　and　to　inflict　upon　them　the　penalty　of　death；　for　the　mere　



act　of　being　found。







'And　in　the　event　of　their　taking　refuge　in　sacred　places；　they　are　



empowered　to　drag　them　forth；　and　conduct　them　to　the　neighbouring　



prisons　and　fortresses；　and　provided　the　ecclesiastical　judges　



proceed　against　the　secular；　in　order　that　they　be　restored　to　the　



church；　they　are　at　liberty　to　avail　themselves　of　the　recourse　to　



force；　countenanced　by　laws　declaring；　even　as　I　now　declare；　that　



all　the　Gitanos　who　shall　leave　their　allotted　places　of　abode；　are　



to　be　held　as　incorrigible　rebels；　and　enemies　of　the　public　



peace。'







From　this　period；　until　the　year　1780；　various　other　laws　and　



schedules　were　directed　against　the　Gitanos；　which；　as　they　contain　



nothing　very　new　or　remarkable；　we　may　be　well　excused　from　



particularising。　　In　1783；　a　law　was　passed　by　the　government；　



widely　differing　in　character　from　any　which　had　hitherto　been　



enacted　in　connection　with　the　Gitano　caste　or　religion　in　Spain。















CHAPTER　XII















CARLOS　TERCERO；　or　Charles　the　Third；　ascended　the　throne　of　Spain　



in　the　year　1759；　and　died　in　1788。　　No　Spanish　monarch　has　left　



behind　a　more　favourable　impression　on　the　minds　of　the　generality　



of　his　countrymen；　indeed；　he　is　the　only　one　who　is　remembered　at　



all　by　all　ranks　and　conditions；　…　perhaps　he　took　the　surest　means　



for　preventing　his　name　being　forgotten；　by　erecting　a　durable　



monument　in　every　large　town；　…　we　do　not　mean　a　pillar　surmounted　



by　a　statue；　or　a　colossal　figure　on　horseback；　but　some　useful　and　



stately　public　edifice。　　All　the　magnificent　modern　buildings　which　



attract　the　eye　of　the　traveller　in　Spain；　sprang　up　during　the　



reign　of　Carlos　Tercero；　…　for　example；　the　museum　at　Madrid；　the　



gigantic　tobacco　fabric　at　Seville；　…　half　fortress；　half　



manufactory；　…　and　the　Farol；　at　Coruna。　　We　suspect　that　these　



erections；　which　speak　to　the　eye；　have　gained　him　far　greater　



credit　amongst　Spaniards　than　the　support　which　he　afforded　to　



liberal　opinions；　which　served　to　fan　the　flame　of　insurrection　in　



the　new　world；　and　eventually　lost　for　Spain　her　transatlantic　



empire。







We　have　said　that　he　left　behind　him　a　favourable　impression　



amongst　the　generality　of　his　countrymen；　by　which　we　mean　the　



great　body　found　in　every　nation；　who　neither　think　nor　reason；　…　



for　there　are　amongst　the　Spaniards　not　a　few　who　deny　that　any　of　



his　actions　entitle　him　to　the　gratitude　of　the　nation。　　'All　his　



thoughts；'　say　they；　'were　directed　to　hunting　…　and　hunting　alone；　



and　all　the　days　of　the　year　he　employed　himself　either　in　hunting　



or　in　preparation　for　the　sport。　　In　one　expedition；　in　the　parks　



of　the　Pardo；　he　spent　several　millions　of　reals。　　The　noble　



edifices　which　adorn　Spain；　though　built　by　his　orders；　are　less　



due　to　his　reign　than　to　the　anterior　one；　…　to　the　reign　of　



Ferdinand　the　Sixth；　who　left　immense　treasures；　a　small　portion　of　



which　Carlos　Tercero　devoted　to　these　purposes；　squandering　away　



the　remainder。　　It　is　said　that　Carlos