most turbid part is condensed and concreted； at first in small
quantity； but afterwards in greater； for being rolled about in the
urine； whatever is of a thick consistence it assimilates to itself；
and thus it increases and becomes indurated。 And when such persons
make water； the stone forced down by the urine falls into the neck
of the bladder and stops the urine； and occasions intense pain； so
that calculous children rub their privy parts and tear at them； as
supposing that the obstruction to the urine is situated there。 As a
proof that it is as I say； persons affected with calculus have very
limpid urine； because the thickest and foulest part remains and is
concreted。 Thus it generally is in cases of calculus。 It forms also in
children from milk； when it is not wholesome； but very hot and
bilious； for it heats the bowels and bladder； so that the urine
being also heated undergoes the same change。 And I hold that it is
better to give children only the most diluted wine； for such will
least burn up and dry the veins。 Calculi do not form so readily in
women； for in them the urethra is short and wide； so that in them
the urine is easily expelled； neither do they rub the pudendum with
their hands； nor handle the passage like males； for the urethra in
women opens direct into the pudendum； which is not the case with
men； neither in them is the urethra so wide； and they drink more
than children do。 Thus； or nearly so； is it with regard to them。
10。 And respecting the seasons； one may judge whether the year
will prove sickly or healthy from the following observations：… If
the appearances connected with the rising and setting stars be as they
should be； if there be rains in autumn； if the winter be mild； neither
very tepid nor unseasonably cold； and if in spring the rains be
seasonable； and so also in summer； the year is likely to prove
healthy。 But if the winter be dry and northerly； and the spring
showery and southerly； the summer will necessarily be of a febrile
character； and give rise to ophthalmies and dysenteries。 For when
suffocating heat sets in all of a sudden； while the earth is moistened
by the vernal showers； and by the south wind； the heat is
necessarily doubled from the earth； which is thus soaked by rain and
heated by a burning sun； while； at the same time； men's bellies are
not in an orderly state； nor the brain properly dried； for it is
impossible； after such a spring； but that the body and its flesh
must be loaded with humors； so that very acute fevers will attack all；
but especially those of a phlegmatic constitution。 Dysenteries are
also likely to occur to women and those of a very humid temperament。
And if at the rising of the Dogstar rain and wintery storms supervene；
and if the etesian winds blow； there is reason to hope that these
diseases will cease； and that the autumn will be healthy； but if
not； it is likely to be a fatal season to children and women； but
least of all to old men； and that convalescents will pass into
quartans； and from quartans into dropsies； but if the winter be
southerly； showery and mild； but the spring northerly； dry； and of a
wintry character； in the first place women who happen to be with
child； and whose accouchement should take place in spring； are apt
to miscarry； and such as bring forth； have feeble and sickly children；
so that they either die presently or are tender； feeble； and sickly；
if they live。 Such is the case with the women。 The others are
subject to dysenteries and dry ophthalmies； and some have catarrhs
beginning in the head and descending to the lungs。 Men of a phlegmatic
temperament are likely to have dysenteries； and women； also； from
the humidity of their nature； the phlegm descending downwards from the
brain； those who are bilious； too； have dry ophthalmies from the
heat and dryness of their flesh； the aged； too； have catarrhs from
their flabbiness and melting of the veins； so that some of them die
suddenly and some become paralytic on the right side or the left。
For when； the winter being southerly and the body hot； the blood and
veins are not properly constringed； a spring that is northerly； dry；
and cold； having come on； the brain when it should have been
expanded and purged； by the coryza and hoarseness is then
constringed and contracted； so that the summer and the heat
occurring suddenly； and a change supervening； these diseases fall out。
And such cities as lie well to the sun and winds； and use good waters；
feel these changes less； but such as use marshy and pooly waters；
and lie well both as regards the winds and the sun； these all feel
it more。 And if the summer be dry； those diseases soon cease； but if
rainy； they are protracted； and there is danger of any sore that there
is becoming phagedenic from any cause； and lienteries and dropsies
supervene at the conclusion of diseases； for the bowels are not
readily dried up。 And if the summer be rainy and southerly； and next
the autumn； the winter must； of necessity； be sickly； and ardent
fevers are likely to attack those that are phlegmatic； and more
elderly than forty years； and pleurisies and peripneumonies those that
are bilious。 But if the summer is parched and northerly； but the
autumn rainy and southerly； headache and sphacelus of the brain are
likely to occur； and in addition hoarseness； coryza； coughs； and in
some cases； consumption。 But if the season is northerly and without
water； there being no rain； neither after the Dogstar nor Arcturus；
this state agrees best with those who are naturally phlegmatic； with
those who are of a humid temperament； and with women； but it is most
inimical to the bilious； for they become much parched up； and
ophthalmies of a dry nature supervene； fevers both acute and
chronic； and in some cases melancholy； for the most humid and watery
part of the bile being consumed； the thickest and most acrid portion
is left； and of the blood likewise； when these diseases came upon
them。 But all these are beneficial to the phlegmatic； for they are
thereby dried up； and reach winter not oppressed with humors； but with
them dried up。
11。 Whoever studies and observes these things may be able to foresee
most of the effects which will result from the changes of the seasons；
and one ought to be particularly guarded during the greatest changes
of the seasons； and neither willingly give medicines； nor apply the
cautery to the belly； nor make incisions there until ten or more
days be past。 Now； the greatest and most dangerous are the two
solstices； and especially the summer； and also the two equinoxes；
but especially the autumnal。 One ought also to be guarded about the
rising of the stars； especially of the Dogstar； then of Arcturus；
and then the setting of the Pleiades； for diseases are especially
apt to prove critical in those days； and some prove fatal； some pass
off； and all others change to another form and another constitution。
So it is with regard to them。
12。 I wish to show； respecting Asia and Europe； how； in all
respects； they differ from one another； and concerning the figure of
the inhabitants； for they are different； and do not at all resemble
one another。 To treat of all would be a long story； but I will tell
you how I think it is with regard to the greatest and most marked
differences。 I say； then； that Asia differs very much from Europe as
to the nature of all things； both With regard to the productions of
the earth and the inhabitants； for everything is produced much more
beautiful and large in Asia； the country is milder； and the
dispositions of the inhabitants also are more gentle and affectionate。
The cause of this is the temperature of the seasons； because it lies
in the middle of the risings of the sun towards the east； and
removed from the cold （and heat）； for nothing tends to growth and
mildness so much as when the climate has no predominant quality； but a
general equality of temperature prevails。 It is not everywhere the
same with regard to Asia； but such parts of the country as lie
intermediate between the heat and the cold； are the best supplied with
fruits and trees； and have the most genial climate； and enjoy the
purest waters； both celestial and terrestrial。 For neither are they
much burnt up by the heat； nor dried up by the drought and want of
rain； nor do they suffer from the cold； since they are well watered
from abundant showers and snow； and the fruits of the season； as might
be supposed； grow in abundance； both such as are raised from seed that
has been sown； and such plants as the earth produces of its own
accord； the fruits of which the inhabitants make use of； training them
from their wild state and transplanting them to a suitable soil； the
cattle also which are reared there are vigorous； particularly
prolific； and bring up young of the fairest description； the
inhabitants too； are well fed； most beautiful in shape； of large
stature； and differ little from one another either as to figure or
size； and the country itself； both as regards its constitution and
mildness of the seasons； may be said to bear a close resemblance to
the spring。 Manly courage； endurance of suffering； laborious
enterprise； and high spirit； could not be produced in such a state
of things either among the native inhabitants or those of a
different country； for there pleasure necessarily reigns。 For this
reason； also； the forms of wild beasts there are much varied。 Thus
it is； as I think； with the Egyptians and Libyans。
13。 But concerning those on the right hand of the summer risings
of the sun as far as the Palus Maeotis （for this is the boundary of
Europe and Asia）； it is with them as follows： the inhabitants there
differ far more from one another than those I have treated of above；
owing to the differences of the seasons and the nature of the soil。
But with regard to the country itself； matters are the same there as
among all other men； for where the seasons undergo the greatest and
most rapid changes； there the country is the wildest and most unequal；
and you will find the greatest variety of mountains； forests；
plains； and meadows； but where the seasons do not change much there
the country is the most even； and； if one will consider it； so