stimulation； known as Weber’s Law。
1848 Marx and Engels published the munist Manifesto。
1859 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection； a culmination of his
research and thinking about evolution via natural selection。
1860 Gustav Fechner published Elements of Psychophysics； which outlined the experimental study of the
relationship between subjective experience and physical stimulation。
1861 Paul Broca discovered that damage to a specific area of the left hemisphere of the brain impairs
language abilities。
18611865
The American Civil War was fought。
1872 Claude Monet painted Impression—Sunrise； Le Havre； the painting that lent its name to the
Impressionist movement。
1879 Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig； Germany。
1883 The first psychology laboratory in the United States was established at Johns Hopkins University
by G。 Stanley Hall。
1885 Hermann Ebbinghaus published his empirical research on memory。
1890 William James published the Principles of Psychology； a two…volume text that became the standard
reference for psychology students。
1892 The American Psychological Association was founded by G。 Stanley Hall； who subsequently
became its first president。
1896 Thomas Edison invented the motion picture。
1898 Edward Thorndike conducted the first systematic experiments on animal learning。
1905 Alfred Binèt and Theodore Simon developed the first useful intelligence test。
1906 Charles Sherrington published Integrative Actions of the Nervous System； which set forth the basic
principles and terminology used today； to describe the structure and function of the nervous
system。
1913 John Watson published “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It；” sometimes referred to as the
Behaviorist Manifesto； an influential paper asserting that psychology should restrict its subject
13
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
matter to observable behavior。
19141918
World War I was fought。
1917 Wolfgang K。hler published The Mentality of Apes； a report of his research on the problem…solving
abilities of non…human primates。
1928 Ivan Pavlov published Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes； a survey of his research on classical
conditioning。
1938 B。 F。 Skinner published Behavior of Organism。 An Experimental Analysis； which outlined the basic
principles of operant conditioning。
19391945
World War II was fought。
1946 The American Psychological Association was reorganized to include practitioner psychologists as
well as research psychologists。
1950 William Estes published “Toward a Statistical Theory of Learning；” a classic paper outlining a
mathematical approach to learning。
1957 Noam Chomsky published Syntactic Structures； inaugurating an era of productive collaboration
between psychologists and linguists。 Psycholinguistics soon became a flourishing field of
psychology。
1957 Herbert Simon published Administrative Behavior： A Study of Decision…Making Processes in
Administrative Organizations； detailing the dynamics of decision…making under conditions of
uncertainty。
1962 David Hubel and Thorston Weisel published their research on how specific features of visual
stimuli excite specific neurons in the visual cortex。
1963 John F。 Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas。
1981 Roger Sperry received the Nobel Prize for his pioneering work on the split…brain phenomenon。
14
CHAPTER 1： THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS
American Psychologist； 47 （2）； Special Edition： The History of American Psychology。 American Psychological
Association； February 1992。 This entire volume is dedicated to the history of the discipline； with articles
on James； Wundt； Lewin； Skinner； and the establishment of the discipline in the United States。
Bordens； K。 S。； & Abbott； B。 B。 （1988）。 Research Design and Methods： A Process Approach。 Mountain View； CA：
Mayfield。 Applies the research process to both theoretical and practical problems。
Evans； R。 I。 （1980）。 The Making of Social Psychology。 New York： Gardner Press。 Interviews with some of the
more influential figures in social psychology； including Philip Zimbardo； Albert Bandura； Stanley
Milgram； and Gordon Allport。
Hergenhahn； B。 R。 （1997）。 An Introduction to the History of Psychology； 3rd Edition。 Belmont； CA： Wadsworth
Publishing。 A very thorough undergraduate text on the history of psychology； including its roots in
classical thought and philosophy。
Psychological Review； 101 （2）； Special Issue： The Centennial Issue of the Psychological Review。 American
Psychological Association； 1994。 Contains reprints of the most influential articles ever to appear in
Psychological Review。 It is an invaluable archival document for all psychologists。
Scarborough； E。； & Forumoto； L。 （1987）。 Untold Lives： The First Generation of Women Psychologists。 New York：
Columbia University Press。 A pelling portrayal of the lives and contributions of early women
psychologists。
Schwartz； S。 （1986）。 Classic Studies in Psychology。 Palo Alto； CA： Mayfield。 Presentation of fifteen of the most
significant studies in psychology in condensed but clear summaries。
Van Doren； C。 （1991）。 A History of Knowledge。 The Pivotal Events； People； and Achievements of World History。
New York： Ballantine Books。 An excellent review of the important ideas； events； and people throughout
history； written by an ex…editor of Encyclopedia Britannica。
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 1： PAST； PRESENT； AND PROMISE
Overview
An introduction to and an overview of psychology； touching on a range of issues from the origins of
psychology as a science to psychopathology； from the biochemistry of the brain to applied research。
Key Issues
Public versus private behavior； the nature of prejudice； the P300 brain wave； the biology of racism；
molecular versus molar levels of analysis； and the origins of psychology。
Archival Demonstrations
Demonstration of a client with Multiple Personality Disorder。
Candid Camera clip demonstrating the difference between public and private behavior。
Archival Interviews
Emanuel Donchin examines the relationship between P300 brain waves and surprise。
Robert Rosenthal discusses body language。
New Interviews
15
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Christine Ijima Hall considers the nature of prejudice。
FILMS AND VIDEOS
Career Encounters in Psychology （1991）。 American Psychological Association； 30 minutes
Several psychologists from diverse subfields discuss their work and careers。
Landmarks in Psychology
Highlights the contributions of Freud； Jung； Adler； Pavlov； Sullivan； Homey； Maslow； Watson； and
Skinner。 Using historical narrative and case study dramatizations； the interpersonal； behavioral；
humanistic； and existential approaches to psychology are explored。
CASE STUDY LECTURE LAUNCHER
Case Study Lecture Enhancers originally appeared in Psychology and Life； 13th Edition as openings for
each chapter。 They were subsequently omitted from the 14th edition to save space。 The best of them are
included here； because both instructors and students expressed an interest in using them again。 This
material is ideal for starting a lecture or for use as a major transition within a lecture。
As the runners lined up to start the 1986 NCAA 10；000…meter championship； Kathy O。 was the odds…on
favorite。 She had broken high school track records in three distances and recently set a new American
collegiate record for the 10；000…meter race。 Her parents； who were always supportive fans； watched from the
sidelines。 Kathy got off to a slow start； but was only a few paces behind the leaders。 Her fans knew she
could soon catch up。 However； this time Kathy did not bolt to the lead as she had done before。 Instead； she
veered away from the other runners。 Without breaking her stride； she ran off the track； scaled a 7…foot fence；
raced down a side street； and jumped off a 50…foot bridge。 Ten minutes later； her coach found her on the
concrete flood plain of the White River。 She had two broken ribs； a punctured lung； and was paralyzed from
the waist down。 Not only would she never run again； she might never walk again。
What happened to Kathy？ Why did she quit the race and nearly self…destruct？ As a star athlete and
premedical student on the Dean’s list； she had everything going for her。 She had been valedictorian of her
high school class。 Teachers and coaches described her as sweet； sensible； diligent； courteous； and religious。
Nobody understood her behavior。 It did not make sense。 Kathy’s father thought the tragedy “had something
to do with the pressure that is put on young people to succeed。” Teammates felt the pressure may have e
from within Kathy herself “She was a perfectionist；” said one of them。 Determined to excel at everything；
Kathy had studied relentlessly； even during team workouts。
How did Kathy explain her actions？ She told an interviewer that she was overe by the terrifying fear of
failure as she began falling behind in the race。 “All of a sudden 。。。 I just felt like something snapped inside of
me。” She felt angry and persecuted。 These negative reactions were new to Kathy； and made her feel as if she
were someone else。 “I just wanted to run away；” she recalled。 “I don’t see how I climbed that fence。。。。 I just
don’t feel like that person was me。 I know that sounds strange； but I was just out of control。。。。 I was
watching everything that was happening and I couldn’t stop” （UPI； 12/22/86）。
The case of Kathy O。 raises fascinating questions for psychology。 Personality； social； and developmental
psychologists might ask how athletic ability； intelligence； parental support； petition； motivation to
achieve； and personality traits bined to make Kathy a superstar in the first place。 Clinical psychologists
would want to know why something snapped in Kathy at this race； why feelings of anger were so foreign to
her； and why she felt persecuted。 Those who study the nature of consciousness would try to understand
Kathy’s perception that she was outside of herself； unable to stop her flight