the science of right- 第24部分

Those　who　in　this　connection　fall　under　the　movement　of　reform　are　not

entitled　to　complain　that　their　property　is　taken　from　them；　for　the

foundation　of　their　previous　possession　lay　only　in　the　opinion　of　the

people；　and　it　can　be　valid　only　so　long　as　this　opinion　lasts。　As

soon　as　this　public　opinion　in　favour　of　such　institutions　dies　out；

or　is　even　extinguished　in　the　judgement　of　those　who　have　the

greatest　claim　by　their　acknowledged　merit　to　lead　and　represent　it；

the　putative　proprietorship　in　question　must　cease；　as　if　by　a

public　appeal　made　regarding　it　to　the　state　（a　rege　male　informato　ad

regem　melius　informandum）。

　　On　this　primarily　acquired　supreme　proprietorship　in　the　land

rests　the　right　of　the　sovereign；　as　universal　proprietor　of　the

country；　to　assess　the　private　proprietors　of　the　soil；　and　to

demand　taxes；　excise；　and　dues；　or　the　performance　of　service　to　the

state　such　as　may　be　required　in　war。　But　this　is　to　be　done　so　that

it　is　actually　the　people　that　assess　themselves；　this　being　the

only　mode　of　proceeding　according　to　laws　of　right。　This　may　be

effected　through　the　medium　of　the　body　of　deputies　who　represent

the　people。　It　is　also　permissible；　in　circumstances　in　which　the

state　is　in　imminent　danger；　to　proceed　by　a　forced　loan；　as　a　right

vested　in　the　sovereign；　although　this　may　be　a　divergence　from　the

existing　law。

　　Upon　this　principle　is　also　founded　the　right　of　administering　the

national　economy；　including　the　finance　and　the　police。　The　police　has

specially　to　care　for　the　public　safety；　convenience；　and　decency。

As　regards　the　last　of　these…　the　feeling　or　negative　taste　for　public

propriety…　it　is　important　that　it　be　not　deadened　by　such

influences　as　begging；　disorderly　noises；　offensive　smells；　public

prostitution　（Venus　vulgivaga）；　or　other　offences　against　the　moral

sense；　as　it　greatly　facilitates　the　government　in　the　task　of

regulating　the　life　of　the　people　by　law。

　　For　the　preservation　of　the　state　there　further　belongs　to　it　a

right　of　inspection　（jus　inspectionis）；　which　entitles　the　public

authority　to　see　that　no　secret　society；　political　or　religious；

exists　among　the　people　that　can　exert　a　prejudicial　influence　upon

the　public　weal。　Accordingly；　when　it　is　required　by　the　police；　no

such　secret　society　may　refuse　to　lay　open　its　constitution。　But　the

visitation　and　search　of　private　houses　by　the　police　can　only　be

justified　in　a　case　of　necessity；　and　in　every　particular　instance；　it

must　be　authorized　by　a　higher　authority。



　　　　C。　Relief　of　the　Poor。　Foundling　Hospitals。　The　Church。



　　The　sovereign；　as　undertaker　of　the　duty　of　the　people；　has　the

right　to　tax　them　for　purposes　essentially　connected　with　their　own

preservation。　Such　are；　in　particular；　the　relief　of　the　poor；

foundling　asylums；　and　ecclesiastical　establishments；　otherwise

designated　charitable　or　pious　foundations。

　　1。　The　people　have　in　fact　united　themselves　by　their　common　will

into　a　society；　which　has　to　be　perpetually　maintained；　and　for　this

purpose　they　have　subjected　themselves　to　the　internal　power　of　the

state；　in　order　to　preserve　the　members　of　this　society　even　when　they

are　not　able　to　support　themselves。　By　the　fundamental　principle　of

the　state；　the　government　is　justified　and　entitled　to　compel　those

who　are　able；　to　furnish　the　means　necessary　to　preserve　those　who　are

not　themselves　capable　of　providing　for　the　most　necessary　wants　of

nature。　For　the　existence　of　persons　with　property　in　the　state

implies　their　submission　under　it　for　protection　and　the　provision

by　the　state　of　what　is　necessary　for　their　existence；　and　accordingly

the　state　founds　a　right　upon　an　obligation　on　their　part　to

contribute　of　their　means　for　the　preservation　of　their　fellow

citizens。　This　may　be　carried　out　by　taxing　the　property　or　the

commercial　industry　of　the　citizens；　or　by　establishing　funds　and

drawing　interest　from　them；　not　for　the　wants　of　the　state　as　such；

which　is　rich；　but　for　those　of　the　people。　And　this　is　not　to　be　done

merely　by　voluntary　contributions；　but　by　compulsory　exactions　as

state…burdens；　for　we　are　here　considering　only　the　right　of　the　state

in　relation　to　the　people。　Among　the　voluntary　modes　of　raising　such

contributions；　lotteries　ought　not　to　be　allowed；　because　they

increase　the　number　of　those　who　are　poor；　and　involve　danger　to　the

public　property。　It　may　be　asked　whether　the　relief　of　the　poor

ought　to　be　administered　out　of　current　contributions；　so　that　every

age　should　maintain　its　own　poor；　or　whether　this　were　better　done

by　means　of　permanent　funds　and　charitable　institutions；　such　as

widows'　homes；　hospitals；　etc。？　And　if　the　former　method　is　the

better；　it　may　also　be　considered　whether　the　means　necessary　are　to

be　raised　by　a　legal　assessment　rather　than　by　begging；　which　is

generally　nigh　akin　to　robbing。　The　former　method　must　in　reality　be

regarded　as　the　only　one　that　is　conformable　to　the　right　of　the

state；　which　cannot　withdraw　its　connection　from　any　one　who　has　to

live。　For　a　legal　current　provision　does　not　make　the　profession　of

poverty　a　means　of　gain　for　the　indolent；　as　is　to　be　feared　is　the

case　with　pious　foundations　when　they　grow　with　the　number　of　the

poor；　nor　can　it　be　charged　with　being　an　unjust　or　unrighteous　burden

imposed　by　the　government　on　the　people。

　　2。　The　state　has　also　a　right　to　impose　upon　the　people　the　duty

of　preserving　children　exposed　from　want　or　shame；　and　who　would

otherwise　perish；　for　it　cannot　knowingly　allow　this　increase　of　its

power　to　be　destroyed；　however　unwelcome　in　some　respects　it　may　be。

But　it　is　a　difficult　question　to　determine　how　this　may　most　justly

be　carried　out。　It　might　be　considered　whether　it　would　not　be　right

to　exact　contributions　for　this　purpose　from　the　unmarried　persons

of　both　sexes　who　are　possessed　of　means；　as　being　in　part　responsible

for　the　evil；　and　further；　whether　the　end　in　view　would　be　best

carried　out　by　foundling　hospitals；　or　in　what　other　way　consistent

with　right。　But　this　is　a　problem　of　which　no　solution　has　yet　been

offered　that　does　not　in　some　measure　offend　against　right　or

morality。

　　3。　The　church　is　here　regarded　as　an　ecclesiastical　establishment

merely；　and　as　such　it　must　be　carefully　distinguished　from

religion；　which　as　an　internal　mode　of　feeling　lies　wholly　beyond

the　sphere　of　the　action　of　the　civil　power。　Viewed　as　an

institution　for　public　worship　founded　for　the　people…　to　whose

opinion　or　conviction　it　owes　its　origin…　the　church　establishment

responds　to　a　real　want　in　the　state。　This　is　the　need　felt　by　the

people　to　regard　themselves　as　also　subjects　of　a　Supreme　Invisible

Power　to　which　they　must　pay　homage；　and　which　may　of　be　brought

into　a　very　undesirable　collision　with　the　civil　power。　The　state

has　therefore　a　right　in　this　relation；　but　it　is　not　to　be　regarded

as　the　right　of　constitutional　legislation　in　the　church；　so　as　to

organize　it　as　may　seem　most　advantageous　for　itself；　or　to

prescribe　and　command　its　faith　and　ritual　forms　of　worship　（ritus）；

for　all　this　must　be　left　entirely　to　the　teachers　and　rulers　which

the　church　has　chosen　for　itself。　The　function　of　the　state　in　this

connection；　only　includes　the　negative　right　of　regulating　the

influence　of　these　public　teachers　upon　the　visible　political

commonwealth；　that　it　may　not　be　prejudicial　to　the　public　peace　and

tranquility。　Consequently　the　state　has　to　take　measures；　on

occasion　of　any　internal　conflict　in　the　church；　or　on　occasion　of　any

collision　of　the　several　churches　with　each　other；　that　civil

concord　is　not　endangered；　and　this　right　falls　within　the　province　of

the　police。　It　is　beneath　the　dignity　of　the　supreme　power　to

interpose　in　determining　what　particular　faith　the　church　shall

profess；　or　to　decree　that　a　certain　faith　shall　be　unalterably

held；　and　that　the　church　may　not　reform　itself。　For　in　doing　so；

the　supreme　power　would　be　mixing　itself　up　in　a　scholastic　wrangle；

on　a　footing　of　equality　with　its　subjects；　the　monarch　would　be

making　himself　a　priest；　and　the　churchmen　might　even　reproach　the

supreme　power　with　understanding　nothing　about　matters　of　faith。

Especially　would　this　hold　in　respect　of　any　prohibition　of　internal

reform　in　the　church；　for　what　the　people　as　a　whole　cannot

determine　upon　for　themselves　cannot　be　determined　for　the　people　by

the　legislator。　But　no　people　can　ever　rationally　determine　that

they　will　never　advance　farther　in　their　insight　into　matters　of

faith；　or　resolve　that　they　will　never　reform　the　institutions　of

the　church；　because　this　would　be　opposed　to　the　humanity　in　their　own

persons　and　to　their　highest　rights。　And　therefore　the　supreme　power

cannot　of　itself　resolve　and　decree　in　these　matters　for　the　people。

As　regards　the　cost　of　maintaining　the　ecclesiastical　establishment；

for　similar　reasons　this　must　be　derived　not　from　the　public　funds

of　the　state；　but　from　the　section　of　the　people　who　profess　the

particular　faith　of　the　church；　and　thus　only　ought　it　to　fall　as　a

burden　on　the　community。



　　D。　The　Right　of　Assigning　Offices　and　Dignities　in　the　State。



　　The　right　of　the　supreme　authority　in　the　state　also　includes：

　　1。　The　distribution　of　offices；　as　public　and　paid　employments；

　　2。　The　conferring　of　dignities；　as　unpaid　distinctions　of　rank；

founded　merely　on　honour；　but　establishing　a　gradation　of　higher　and

lower　orders　in　the　political　scale；　the　latter；　although　free　in

themselves；　being　under　obligation　determined　by　the　public　law　to

obey　the　former　so　far　as　they　are　also　entitled　to　command；

　　3。　Besides　these　relatively　beneficent　rights；　the　supreme　power

in　the　state　is　also　invested　with　the　right　of　administering

punishment。

　　As　regards　civil　offices；　the　question　arises　as　to　whether　the

sovereign　has　the