verage duration of life amongst them。 I found on minute inquiry that this very considerably exceeded the term allotted to us on the upper earth。 What seventy years are to us； one hundred years are to them。 Nor is this the only advantage they have over us in longevity； for as few among us attain to the age of seventy； so； on the contrary； few among them die before the age of one hundred； and they enjoy a general degree of health and vigour which makes life itself a blessing even to the last。 Various causes contribute to this result： the absence of all alcoholic stimulants； temperance in 82food； more especially； perhaps； a serenity of mind undisturbed by anxious occupations and eager passions。 They are not tormented by our avarice or our ambition； they appear perfectly indifferent even to the desire of fame； they are capable of great affection； but their love shows itself in a tender and cheerful complaisance； and； while forming their happiness； seems rarely； if ever； to constitute their woe。 As the Gy is sure only to marry where she herself fixes her choice； and as here； not less than above ground； it is the female on whom the happiness of home depends； so the Gy； having chosen the mate she prefers to all others； is lenient to his faults； consults his humours； and does her best to secure his attachment。 The death of a beloved one is of course with them； as with us； a cause for sorrow； but not only is death with them so much more rare before that age in which it becomes a release； but when it does occur the survivor takes much more consolation than； I am afraid； the generality of us do； in the certainty of reunion in another and yet happier life。
All these causes； then； concur to their healthful and enjoyable longevity； though； no doubt； much also must be owing to hereditary organisation。 According to their records； however； in those earlier stages of their society when they lived in communities resembling ours； agitated by fierce competition； their lives were considerably shorter； and their maladies more numerous and grave。 They themselves say that the duration of life； too； has increased； and is still on the increase； since their discovery of the invigorating and medicinal properties of vril； applied for remedial purposes。 They have few professional and regular practitioners of medicine； and these are chiefly Gy…ei； who； especially if widowed and childless； find great delight in the healing art； and even undertake surgical operations in those cases required by accident； or； more rarely； by disease。
They have their diversions and entertainments； and； during the Easy Time of their day； they are wont to assemble in great numbers for those winged sports in the air which I have already 83described。 They have also public halls for music； and even theatres； at which are performed pieces that appeared to me somewhat to resemble the plays of the Chinese… dramas that are thrown back into distant times for their events and personages； in which all classic unities are outrageously violated； and the hero； in once scene a child； in the next is an old man； and so forth。 These plays are of very ancient composition； and their stories cast in remote times。 They appeared to me very dull； on the whole； but were relieved by startling mechanical contrivances； and a kind of farcical broad humour； and detached passages of great vigour and power expressed in language highly poetical； but somewhat overcharged with metaphor and trope。 In fine； they seemed to me very much what the plays of Shakespeare seemed to a Parisian in the time of Louis XV。； or perhaps to an Englishman in the reign of Charles II。
The audience； of which the Gy…ei constituted the chief portion； appeared to enjoy greatly the representation of these dramas； which； for so sedate and majestic a race of females； surprised me； till I observed that all the performers were under the age of adolescence； and conjectured truly that the mothers and sisters came to please their children and brothers。
I have said that these dramas are of great antiquity。 No new plays； indeed no imaginative works sufficiently important to survive their immediate day； appear to have been composed for several generations。 In fact； though there is no lack of new publications； and they have even what may be called newspapers； these are chiefly devoted to mechanical science； reports of new inventions； announcements respecting various details of business… in short； to practical matters。 Sometimes a child writes a little tale of adventure； or a young Gy vents her amorous hopes or fears in a poem； but these effusions are of very little merit； and are seldom read except by children and maiden Gy…ei。 The most interesting works of a purely literary character are those of explorations and travels into other regions of this nether world； which are generally written by 84young emigrants； and are read with great avidity by the relations and friends they have left behind。
I could not help expressing to Aph…Lin my surprise that a community in which mechanical science had made so marvellous a progress； and in which intellectual civilisation had exhibited itself in realising those objects for the happiness of the people； which the political philosophers above ground had； after ages of struggle； pretty generally agreed to consider unattainable visions； should； nevertheless； be so wholly without a contemporaneous literature； despite the excellence to which culture had brought a language at once so rich and simple； vigourous and musical。
My host replied… 〃Do you not percieve that a literature such as you mean would be wholly incompatible with that perfection of social or political felicity at which you do us the honour to think we have arrived？ We have at last； after centuries of struggle； settled into a form of government with which we are content； and in which； as we allow no differences of rank； and no honours are paid to administrators distinguishing them from others； there is no stimulus given to individual ambition。 No one would read works advocating theories that involved any political or social change； and therefore no one writes them。 If now and then an An feels himself dissatisfied with our tranquil mode of life； he does not attack it； he goes away。 Thus all that part of literature （and to judge by the ancient books in our public libraries； it was once a very large part）； which relates to speculative theories on society is become utterly extinct。 Again； formerly there was a vast deal written respecting the attributes and essence of the All…Good； and the arguments for and against a future state； but now we all recognise two facts； that there IS a Divine Being； and there IS a future state； and we all equally agree that if we wrote our fingers to the bone； we could not throw any light upon the nature and conditions of that future state； or quicken our apprehensions of the attributes and essence of that Divine 85Being。 Thus another part of literature has become also extinct； happily for our race； for in the time when so much was written on subjects which no one could determine； people seemed to live in a perpetual state of quarrel and contention。 So； too； a vast part of our ancient literature consists of historical records of wars an revolutions during the times when the Ana lived in large and turbulent societies； each seeking aggrandisement at the expense of the other。 You see our serene mode of life now； such it has been for ages。 We have no events to chronicle。 What more of us can be said than that； 'they were born； they were happy； they died？' Coming next to that part of literature which is more under the control of the imagination； such as what we call Glaubsila； or colloquially 'Glaubs；' and you call poetry； the reasons for its decline amongst us are abundantly obvious。
〃We find； by referring to the great masterpieces in that department of literature which we all still read with pleasure； but of which none would tolerate imitations； that they consist in the portraiture of passions which we no longer experience… ambition； vengeance； unhallowed love； the thirst for warlike renown； and suchlike。 The old poets lived in an atmosphere impregnated with these passions； and felt vividly what they expressed glowingly。 No one can express such passions now； for no one can feel them； or meet with any sympathy in his readers if he did。 Again； the old poetry has a main element in its dissection of those complex mysteries of human character which conduce to abnormal vices and crimes； or lead to signal and extraordinary virtues。 But our society； having got rid of temptations to any prominent vices and crimes； has necessarily rendered the moral average so equal； that there are no very salient virtues。 Without its ancient food of strong passions； vast crimes； heroic excellences； poetry therefore is； if not actually starved to death； reduced to a very meagre diet。 There is still the poetry of description… description of rocks； and trees； and waters； and common household life； and our young Gy…ei weave much of this insipid kind of composition into their love verses。〃 86 〃Such poetry；〃 said I； 〃might surely be made very charming； and we have critics amongst us who consider it a higher kind than that which depicts the crimes； or analyses the passions； of man。 At all events； poetry of the inspired kind you mention is a poetry that nowadays commands more readers than any other among the people I have left above ground。〃
〃Possibly； but then I suppose the writers take great pains with the language they employ； and devote themselves to the culture and polish of words and rhythms of an art？〃
〃Certainly they do： all great poets do that。 Though the gift of poetry may be inborn； the gift requires as much care to make it available as a block of metal does to be made into one of your engines。〃
〃And doubtless your poets have some incentive to bestow all those pains upon such verbal prettinesses？〃
〃Well； I presume their instinct of song would make them sing as the bird does； but to cultivate the song into verbal or artificial prettiness； probably does need an inducement from without； and our poets find it in the love of fame… perhaps； now and then； in the want of money。〃
〃Precisely so。 But in our society