men of invention and industry- 第29部分

developing　the　powers　of　the　pumping　and　rotary　engine；　the　young

partners；　with　the　stout　aid　of　Murdock；　took　up　the　question。　

They　supplied　Fulton　in　1807　with　his　first　engine；　by　means　of

which　the　Clermont　made　her　first　voyage　along　the　Hudson　river。　

They　also　supplied　Fulton　and　Livingston　with　the　next　two

engines　for　the　Car　of　Neptune　and　the　Paragon。　　From　that　time

forward；　Boulton　and　Watt　devoted　themselves　to　the　manufacture

of　engines　for　steamboats。　　Up　to　the　year　1814；　marine　engines

had　been　all　applied　singly　in　the　vessel；　but　in　this　year

Boulton　and　Watt　first　applied　two　condensing　engines；　connected

by　cranks　set　at　right　angles　on　the　shaft；　to　propel　a　steamer

on　the　Clyde。　　Since　then；　nearly　all　steamers　are　fitted　with

two　engines。　　In　making　this　important　improvement；　the　firm　were

materially　aided　by　the　mechanical　genius　of　William　Murdock；　and

also　of　Mr。　Brown；　then　an　assistant；　but　afterwards　a　member　of

the　firm。



In　order　to　carry　on　a　set　of　experiments　with　respect　to　the

most　improved　form　of　marine　engine；　Boulton　and　Watt　purchased

the　Caledonia；　a　Scotch　boat　built　on　the　Clyde　by　James　Wood　and

Co。；　of　Port　Glasgow。　　The　engines　and　boilers　were　taken　out。　

The　vessel　was　fitted　with　two　side　lever　engines；　and　many

successive　experiments　were　made　with　her　down　to　August；　1817；

at　an　expense　of　about　10；000L。　　This　led　to　a　settled　plan　of

construction；　by　which　marine　engines　were　greatly　improved。　

James　Watt；　junior；　accompanied　the　Caledonia　to　Holland　and　up

the　Rhine。　　The　vessel　was　eventually　sold　to　the　Danish

Government；　and　used　for　carrying　the　mails　between　Kiel　and

Copenhagen。　　It　is；　however；　unnecessary　here　to　venture　upon　the

further　history　of　steam　navigation。



In　the　midst　of　these　repeated　inventions　and　experiments；

Murdock　was　becoming　an　old　man。　　Yet　he　never　ceased　to　take　an

interest　in　the　works　at　Soho。　　At　length　his　faculties

experienced　a　gradual　decay；　and　he　died　peacefully　at　his　house

at　Sycamore　Hill；　on　the　l5th　of　November；1839；　in　his

eighty…fifth　year。　　He　was　buried　near　the　remains　of　the　great

Boulton　and　Watt；　and　a　bust　by　Chantrey　served　to　perpetuate　the

remembrance　of　his　manly　and　intelligent　countenance。





Footnotes　for　Chapter　V。



＇1＇　Fletcher's　Political　Works；　London；　1737；　p。　149；



＇2＇　One　of　the　Murdocks　built　the　cathedral　at　Glasgow；　as　well

as　others　in　Scotland。　　The　famous　school　of　masonry　at　Antwerp

sent　out　a　number　of　excellent　architects　during　the　11th；　12th；

and　13th　centuries。　　One　of　these；　on　coming　into　Scotland；

assumed　the　name　of　Murdo。　　He　was　a　Frenchman；　born　in　Paris；　as

we　learn　from　the　inscription　left　on　Melrose　Abbey；　and　he　died

while　building　that　noble　work：　it　is　as　follows：



〃John　Murdo　sumtyme　cait　was　I　And　born　in　Peryse　certainly；　An'

had　in　kepyng　all　mason　wark　Sanct　Andrays；　the　Hye　Kirk

o'Glasgo；　Melrose　and　Paisley；　Jedybro　and　Galowy。　　Pray　to　God

and　Mary　baith；　and　sweet　Saint　John；　keep　this　Holy　Kirk　frae

scaith。〃



＇3＇　The　discovery　of　the　Black　Band　Ironstone　by　David　Mushet　in

1801；　and　the　invention　of　the　Hot　Blast　by　James　Beaumont

Neilson　in　1828；　will　be　found　related　in　Industrial　Biography；

pp。　141…161。



＇4＇　Note　to　Lockhart's　Life　of　Scott。



＇5＇　This　was　stated　to　the　present　writer　some　years　ago　by

William　Murdock's　son；　although　there　is　no　other　record　of　the

event。



＇6＇　See　Lives　of　Engineers　（Boulton　and　Watt）；　iv。　pp。　182…4。　

Small　edition；　pp。　130…2。



＇7＇　Mr。　Pearse's　letter　is　dated　23rd　April；　1867；　but　has　not

before　been　published。　　He　adds　that　〃others　remembered　Murdock；

one　who　was　an　apprentice　with　him；　and　lived　with　him　for　some

timea　Mr。　Vivian；　of　the　foundry　at　Luckingmill。〃



＇8＇　Murdock's　house　still　stands　in　Cross　Street；　Redruth；　those

still　live　who　saw　the　gas…pipes　conveying　gas　from　the　retort　in

the　little　yard　to　near　the　ceiling　of　the　room；　just　over　the

table；　a　hole　for　the　pipe　was　made　in　the　window　frame。　　The　old

window　is　now　replaced　by　a　new　frame。〃Life　of　Richard

Trevithick；　i。　64。



＇9＇　Philosophical　Transactions；　1808；　pp。　l24…l32。



＇10＇　Winsor's　family　evidently　believed　in　his　great　powers；　for

I　am　informed　by　Francis　Galton；　Esq。；　F。R。S。；　that　there　is　a

fantastical　monument　on　the　right…hand　side　of　the　central　avenue

of　the　Kensal　Green　Cemetery；　about　half　way　between　the　lodge

and　the　church；　which　bears　the　following　inscription：〃Tomb　of

Frederick　Albert　Winsor；　son　of　the　late　Frederick　Albert　Winsor；

originator　of　public　Gas…lighting；　buried　in　the　Cemetery　of　Pere

la　Chaise；　Paris。　　〃At　evening　time　it　shall　be　light。Zachariah

xiv。　7。　　〃I　am　come　a　light　into　the　world；　that　whoever

believeth　in　Me　shall　not　abide　in　darkness。John　xii。　46。〃



＇11＇　Mr。　Parkes；　in　his　well　known　Chemical　Essays　（ed。　1841；　p。

157）；　after　referring　to　the　successful　lighting　up　by　Murdock　of

the　manufactory　of　Messrs。　Phillips　and　Lee　at　Manchester　in

1805；　〃with　coal　gas　issuing　from　nearly　a　thousand　burners；〃

proceeds；　〃This　grand　application　of　the　new　principle　satisfied

the　public　mind；　not　only　of　the　practicability；　but　also　of　the

economy　of　the　application；　and　as　a　mark　of　the　high　opinion

they　entertained　of　his　genius　and　perseverance；　and　in　order　to

put　the　question　of　priority　of　the　discovery　beyond　all　doubt；

the　Council　of　the　Royal　Society　in　1808　awarded　to　Mr。　Murdock

the　Gold　Medal　founded　by　the　late　Count　Rumford。〃



＇12＇　〃Thus；〃　says　Mr。　Charles　Babbage；　〃in　a　future　age；　power

may　become　the　staple　commodity　of　the　Icelanders；　and　of　the

inhabitants　of　other　volcanic　districts；　and　possibly　the　very

process　by　which　they　will　procure　this　article　of　exchange　for

the　luxuries　of　happier　climates　may；　in　some　measure；　tame　the

tremendous　element　which　occasionally　devastates　their

provinces。〃Economy　of　Manufactures。





CHAPTER　VI。



FREDERICK　KOENIG：　INVENTOR　OF　THE　STEAM…PRINTING　MACHINE。



〃The　honest　projector　is　he　who；　having　by　fair　and　plain　

principles　of　sense；　honesty；　and　ingenuity；　brought　any

contrivance　to　a　suitable　perfection；　makes　out　what　he　pretends

to；　picks　nobody's　pocket；　puts　his　project　in　execution；　and

contents　himself　with　the　real　produce　as　　the　profit　of　his

invention。〃De　Foe。



I　published　an　article　in　'Macmillan's　Magazine'　for　December；

1869；　under　the　above　title。　　The　materials　were　principally

obtained　from　William　and　Frederick　Koenig；　sons　of　the　inventor。



Since　then　an　elaborate　life　has　been　published　at　Stuttgart；

under　the　title　of　〃Friederich　Koenig　und　die　Erfindung　Der

Schnellpresse；　Ein　Biographisches　Denkmal。　　Von　Theodor　Goebel。〃　

The　author；　in　sending　me　a　copy　of　the　volume；　refers　to　the

article　published　in　'Macmillan；'　and　says；　〃I　hope　you　will

please　to　accept　it　as　a　small　acknowledgment　of　the　thanks；

which　every　German；　and　especially　the　sons　of　Koenig；　in　whose

name　I　send　the　book　as　well　as　in　mine；　owe　to　you　for　having

bravely　taken　up　the　cause　of　the　much　wronged　inventor；　their

father　an　action　all　the　more　praiseworthy；　as　you　had　to　write

against　the　prejudices　and　the　interests　of　your　own　countrymen。〃



I　believe　it　is　now　generally　admitted　that　Koenig　was　entitled

to　the　merit　of　being　the　first　person　practically　to　apply　the

power　of　steam　to　indefinitely　multiplying　the　productions　of　the

printing…press；　and　that　no　one　now　attempts　to　deny　him　this

honour。　　It　is　true　others；　who　followed　him；　greatly　improved

upon　his　first　idea；　but　this　was　the　case　with　Watt；　Symington；

Crompton；　Maudslay；　and　many　more。　　The　true　inventor　is　not

merely　the　man　who　registers　an　idea　and　takes　a　patent　for　it；

or　who　compiles　an　invention　by　borrowing　the　idea　of　another；

improving　upon　or　adding　to　his　arrangements；　but　the　man　who

constructs　a　machine　such　as　has　never　before　been　made；　which

executes　satisfactorily　all　the　functions　it　was　intended　to

perform。　　And　this　is　what　Koenig's　invention　did；　as　will　be

observed　from　the　following　brief　summary　of　his　life　and

labours。



Frederick　Koenig　was　born　on　the　17th　of　April；　1774；　at

Eisleben；　in　Saxony；　the　birthplace　also　of　a　still　more　famous

person；　Martin　Luther。　　His　father　was　a　respectable　peasant

proprietor；　described　by　Herr　Goebel　as　Anspanner。　　But　this　word

has　now　gone　out　of　use。　　In　feudal　times　it　described　the　farmer

who　was　obliged　to　keep　draught　cattle　to　perform　service　due　to

the　landlord。　　The　boy　received　a　solid　education　at　the

Gymnasium；　or　public　school　of　the　town。　　At　a　proper　age　he　was

bound　apprentice　for　five　years　to　Breitkopf　and　Hartel；　of

Leipzig；　as　compositor　and　printer；　but　after　serving　for　four

and　a　quarter　years；　he　was　released　from　his　engagement　because

of　his　exceptional　skill；　which　was　an　unusual　occurrence。



During　the　later　years　of　his　apprenticeship；　Koenig　was

permitted　to　attend　the　classes　in　the　University；　more

especially　those　of　Ernst　Platner；　a　physician；　philosopher；　and

anthropologist。　　After　that　he　proceeded　to　the　printing…office

of　his　uncle；　Anton　F。　Rose；　at　Greifswald；　an　old　seaport　town

on　the　Baltic；　where　he　remained　a　few　years。　　He　next　went　to

Halle　as　a　journeyman　printer；　German　workmen　going　about　from

place　to　place；　during　their　wanderschaft；　for　the　purpose　of

learning　their　business。　　After　that；　he　returned　to　Breitkopf

and　Hartel；　at　Leipzig；　where　he　had　first　learnt　his　trade。　

During　this　time；　having　saved　a　little　money；　he　enrolled

himself　for　a　year　as　a　regular　student　at　the　University　of

Leipzig。



According　to　Koenig's　own　account；　he　first　began　to　devise　ways

and　means　for　improving　the　art　of　printing　in　the　year　1802；

when　he　was　twenty…eight　years　old。　　Printing　large　sheets　of

paper　by　hand　was　a　very　slow　as　well　as　a　very　laborious