especially to its extension。
I met Mr。 Phillips one evening； after a lecture； at the house of Professor Goodrich。 He was most courtly and considerate to students and invited questions。 While I was charmed； even captivated； by his eloquence； I had at that time very little sympathy with his views。 I said to him： 〃Mr。 Phillips； your attack to…night upon Caleb Cushing； one of the most eminent and able public men in the country； was very vitriolic and most destructive of character and reputation。 It seems so foreign to all I know of you that； if you will pardon me； I would like to know why you did it。〃 He answered： 〃I have found that people； as a rule； are not interested in principles or their discussions。 They are so absorbed in their personal affairs that they do very little thinking upon matters outside their business or vocation。 They embody a principle in some public man in whom they have faith； and so that man stands for a great body of truth or falsehood； and may be exceedingly dangerous because a large following connects the measure with the man； and； therefore； if I can destroy the man who represents a vicious principle I have destroyed the principle。〃 It did not strike me favorably at the time； nor does it now。 Nevertheless； in politics and in the battles of politics it represents a dynamic truth。
The perfect preparation of a speech was； in Wendell Phillip's view； that one in which the mental operations were assisted in no way by outside aid。 Only two or three times in his life did he prepare with pen and paper an address； and he felt that these speeches were the poorest of his efforts。 He was constantly studying the art of oratory。 In his daily walks or in his library metaphors and similes were suggested； which he tucked away in his memory； and he even studied action as he watched the muscular movements of men whom he saw in public places。 He believed that a perfect speech could be prepared only after intense mental concentration。 Of course the mind must first be fortified by such reading as provided facts。 Having thus saturated his mind with information； he would frequently lie extended for hours upon his sofa； with eyes closed； making mental arrangements for the address。 In fact； he used to write his speeches mentally； as Victor Hugo is said to have written some of his poems。 A speech thus prepared； Phillips thought； was always at the command of the speaker。 It might vary upon every delivery； and could be altered to meet emergencies with the audience； but would always be practically the same。
This method of preparation explains what has been a mystery to many persons。 The several reports of Phillips's lecture on 〃The Lost Arts〃 differ in phraseology and even in arrangement。 Mr。 Phillips did not read his speeches in print； and； therefore； never revised one。 He was firmly of the belief that the printed thought and the spoken thought should be expressed in different form； and that the master of one form could not be the master of the other。
I met many young men like myself in the canvass of 1856； and also made many acquaintances of great value in after…life。 It was difficult for the older stump speakers to change the addresses they had been delivering for years； so that the young orators； with their fresh enthusiasm； their intense earnestness and undoubting faith； were more popular with the audiences； who were keenly alive to the issues raised then by the new Republican party。
The Republican party was composed of Whigs and anti…slavery Democrats。 In this first campaign the old…timers among the Whigs and the Democrats could not get over their long antagonism and distrusted each other。 The young men； whether their ancestry was Democratic or Whig； were the amalgam which rapidly fused all elements； so that the party presented a united front in the campaign four years afterwards when Mr。 Lincoln was elected。
In the course of that campaign I had as fellow speakers many times on the platform statesmen of national reputation。 These gentlemen； with few exceptions； made heavy； ponderous； and platitudinous speeches。 If they ever had possessed humor they were afraid of it。 The crowd； however； would invariably desert the statesman for the speaker who could give them amusement with instruction。 The elder statesmen said by way of advice： 〃While the people want to be amused； they have no faith in a man or woman with wit or anecdote。 When it comes to the election of men to conduct public affairs； they invariably prefer serious men。〃 There is no doubt that a reputation for wit has seriously impaired the prospects of many of the ablest men in the country。
The only exception to this rule was Abraham Lincoln。 But when he ran for president the first time he was comparatively unknown outside his State of Illinois。 The campaign managers in their literature put forward only his serious speeches； which were very remarkable； especially the one he delivered in Cooper Union； New York； which deeply impressed the thoughtful men of the East。 He could safely tell stories and jokes after he had demonstrated his greatness as president。 Then the people regarded his story…telling as the necessary relief and relaxation of an overburdened and overworked public servant。 But before he had demonstrated his genius as an executive； they would probably have regarded these same traits as evidences of frivolity； unfitting the possessor for great and grave responsibilities。
I had a very interesting talk on the subject with General Garfield； when he was running for president。 He very kindly said to me： 〃You have every qualification for success in public life； you might get anywhere and to the highest places except for your humor。 I know its great value to a speaker before an audience； but it is dangerous at the polls。 When I began in politics； soon after graduation； I found I had a keen sense of humor； and that made me the most sought…after of all our neighborhood speakers； but I also soon discovered it was seriously impairing the public opinion of me for responsible positions； so I decided to cut it out。 It was very difficult； but I have succeeded so thoroughly that I can no longer tell a story or appreciate the point of one when it is told to me。 Had I followed my natural bent I should not now be the candidate of my party for President of the United States。〃
The reason so few men are humorists is that they are very shy of humor。 My own observations in studying the lives and works of our public men demonstrate how thoroughly committed to this idea they have been。 There is not a joke； nor a mot； nor a scintilla of humor irradiating the Revolutionary statesmen。 There is a stilted dignity about their utterances which shows that they were always posing in heroic attitudes。 If they lived and moved in family； social； and club life； as we understand it； the gloom of their companionship accounts for the enjoyment which their contemporaries took in the three hours' sermons then common from the pulpit。
As we leave the period of Washington； Hamilton； Jefferson； and the Adamses； we find no humor in the next generation。 The only relief from the tedium of argument and exhaustless logic is found in the savage sarcasm of John Randolph； which was neither wit nor humor。
A witty illustration or an apt story will accomplish more than columns of argument。 The old…time audience demanded a speech of not less than two hours' duration and expected three。 The audience of to…day grows restive after the first hour； and is better pleased with forty minutes。 It prefers epigrams to arguments and humor to rhetoric。 It is still true； however； that the press presents to readers from a speaker who indulges in humor only the funny part of his effort； and he is in serious danger of receiving no credit for ability in the discussion of great questions； no matter how conspicuous that ability may be。 The question is always presented to a frequent speaker whether he shall win the applause of the audience and lose the flattering opinion of the critics； or bore his audience and be complimented by readers for wisdom。
When I look back over sixty…five years on the platform in public speaking； and the success of different methods before audiences； political； literary； business； or a legislative committee； or a legislature itself； and especially when I consider my own pleasure in the efforts； the results and compensations have been far greater than the attainment of any office。 For； after all； a man might be dull and a bore to himself and others for a lifetime and have the reputation of being a serious thinker and a solid citizen； and yet never reach the presidency。
It was always a delight to listen to George W。 Curtis。 He was a finished orator of the classic type； but not of the Demosthenian order。 His fine personal appearance； his well…modulated and far…reaching voice； and his refined manner at once won the favor of his audience。 He was a splendid type of the scholar in politics。 In preparing a speech he took as much pains as he did with a volume which he was about to publish。
I accepted under great pressure the invitation to deliver the oration at the unveiling of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty in New York harbor； because the time was so short； only a few days。 Mr。 Curtis said to me afterwards： 〃I was very much surprised that you accepted that invitation。 I declined it because there was only a month left before the unveiling。 I invariably refuse an invitation for an important address unless I can have three months。 I take one month to look up authorities and carefully prepare it and then lay it on the shelf for a month。 During that period； while you are paying no attention to the matter； your mind is unconsciously at work upon it。 When you resume correcting your manuscript you find that in many things about which you thought well you have changed your mind。 Leisurely corrections and additions will perfect the address。〃
As my orations and speeches have always been the by…product of spare evenings and Sundays taken from an intensely active and busy life； if I had followed any of these examples my twelve volumes of speeches would never have seen the light of day。
One of the greatest orators of his generation； and I might say o