industrial biography- 第29部分

Cort　he　readily　entered　into　a　contract　with　him　to　work　under　his

patents　at　ten　shillings　a　ton　royalty；　In　1812　a　letter　from　Mr。

Crawshay　to　the　Secretary　of　Lord　Sheffield　was　read　to　the　House　of

Commons；　descriptive　of　his　method　of　working　iron；　in　which　he　said；

〃I　took　it　from　a　Mr。　Cort；　who　had　a　little　mill　at　Fontley　in

Hampshire：　　I　have　thus　acquainted　you　with　my　method；　by　which　I　am

now　making　more　than　ten　thousand　tons　of　bar…iron　per　annum。〃　　Samuel

Homfray　was　equally　prompt　in　adopting　the　new　process。　　He　not　only

obtained　from　Cort　plans　of　the　puddling…furnaces　and　patterns　of　the

rolls；　but　borrowed　Cort's　workmen　to　instruct　his　own　in　the

necessary　operations；　and　he　soon　found　the　method　so　superior　to

that　invented　by　Onions　that　he　entirely　confined　himself　to

manufacturing　after　Cort's　patent。　　We　also　find　Mr。　Reynolds　inviting

Cort　to　conduct　a　trial　of　his　process　at　Ketley；　though　it　does　not

appear　that　it　was　adopted　by　the　firm　at　that　time。*

　＇footnote。。。

In　the　memorandum…book　of　Wm。　　Reynolds　appears　the　following　entry　on

the　subject：　　

　〃Copy　of　a　paper　given　to　H。　　Cort；　Esq。

〃W。　Reynolds　saw　H。　C。　in　a　trial　which　he　made　at　Ketley；

Dec。　17；　1784；　produce　from　the　same　pig　both　cold　short　and　tough　iron

by　a　variation　of　the　process　used　in　reducing　them　from　the　state　of

cast…iron　to　that　of　malleable　or　bar…iron；　and　in　point　of　yield　his

processes　were　quite　equal　to　those　at　Pitchford；　which　did　not

exceed　the　proportion　of　31　cwt。　　to　the　ton　of　bars。　　The　experiment

was　made　by　stamping　and　potting　the　blooms　or　loops　made　in　his

furnace；　which　then　produced　a　cold　short　iron；　but　when　they　were

immediately　shingled　and　drawn；　the　iron　was　of　a　black　tough。〃



The　Coalbrookdale　ironmasters　are　said　to　have　been　deterred　from

adopting　the　process　because　of　what　was　considered　an　excessive

waste　of　the　metalabout　25　per　cent；though；　with　greater

experience；　this　waste　was　very　much　diminished。

　。。。＇



The　quality　of　the　iron　manufactured　by　the　new　process　was　found

satisfactory；　and　the　Admiralty　having；　by　the　persons　appointed　by

them　to　test　it　in　1787；　pronounced　it　to　be　superior　to　the　best

Oregrounds　iron；　the　use　of　the　latter　was　thenceforward

discontinued；　and　Cort's　iron　only　was　directed　to　be　used　for　the

anchors　and　other　ironwork　in　the　ships　of　the　Royal　Navy。　　The　merits

of　the　invention　seem　to　have　been　generally　conceded；　and　numerous

contracts　for　licences　were　entered　into　with　Cort　and　his　partner　by

the　manufacturers　of　bar…iron　throughout　the　country。*

　＇footnote。。。

Mr。　Webster；　in　the　'Case　of　Henry　Cort；'　published　in　the　Mechanic's

Magazine　（2　Dec。　1859）；　states　that　〃licences　were　taken　at　royalties

estimated　to　yield　27；500L。　to　the　owners　of　the　patents。〃　　。。。＇

Cort　himself　made　arrangements　for　carrying　on　the　manufacture　on　a

large　scale；　and　with　that　object　entered　upon　the　possession　of　a

wharf　at　Gosport；　belonging　to　Adam　Jellicoe；　his　partner's　father；

where　he　succeeded　in　obtaining　considerable　Government　orders　for

iron　made　after　his　patents。　　To　all　ordinary　eyes　the　inventor　now

appeared　to　be　on　the　high　road　to　fortune；　but　there　was　a　fatal

canker　at　the　root　of　this　seeming　prosperity；　and　in　a　few　years　the

fabric　which　he　had　so　laboriously　raised　crumbled　into　ruins。　　On　the

death　of　Adam　Jellicoe；　the　father　of　Cort's　partner；　in　August；

1789；*

　＇footnote。。。

In　the　'Case　of　Henry　Cort；'　by　Mr。　Webster；　above　referred　to

（Mechanic's　Magazine；　2　Dec。　1859）；　it　is　stated　that　Adam　Jellicoe

〃committed　suicide　under　the　pressure　of　dread　of　exposure；〃　but　this

does　not　appear　to　be　confirmed　by　the　accounts　in　the　newspapers　of

the　day。　　He　died　at　his　private　dwelling…house；　No。14；　Highbury

Place；　Islingtonn；　on　the　30th　August；1789；　after　a　fortnight's

illness。

　。。。＇

defalcations　were　discovered　in　his　public　accounts　to　the　extent　of

39；676l。；　and　his　books　and　papers　were　immediately　taken　possession

of　by　the　Government。　　On　examination　it　was　found　that　the　debts　due

to　Jellicoe　amounted　to　89；657l；　included　in　which　was　a　sum　of　not

less　than　54；853l。　　owing　to　him　by　the　Cort　partnership。　　In　the

public　investigation　which　afterwards　took　place；　it　appeared　that

the　capital　possessed　by　Cort　being　insufficient　to　enable　him　to

pursue　his　experiments；　which　were　of　a　very　expensive　character；

Adam　Jellicoe　had　advanced　money　from　time　to　time　for　the　purpose；

securing　himself　by　a　deed　of　agreement　entitling　him　to　one…half　the

stock　and　profits　of　all　his　contracts；　and　in　further　consideration

of　the　capital　advanced　by　Jellicoe　beyond　his　equal　share；　Cort

subsequently　assigned　to　him　all　his　patent　rights　as　collateral

security。　　As　Jellicoe　had　the　reputation　of　being　a　rich　man；　Cort

had　not　the　slightest　suspicion　of　the　source　from　which　he　obtained

the　advances　made　by　him　to　the　firm；　nor　has　any　connivance　whatever

on　the　part　of　Cort　been　suggested。　　At　the　same　time　it　must　be

admitted　that　the　connexion　was　not　free　from　suspicion；　and；　to　say

the　least；　it　was　a　singularly　unfortunate　one。　　It　was　found　that

among　the　moneys　advanced　by　Jellicoe　to　Cort　there　was　a　sum　of

27；500L。　entrusted　to　him　for　the　payment　of　seamen's　and　officers'

wages。　　How　his　embarrassments　had　tempted　him　to　make　use　of　the

public　funds　for　the　purpose　of　carrying　on　his　speculations；　appears

from　his　own　admissions。　　In　a　memorandum　dated　the　11th　November；

l782；　found　in　his　strong　box　after　his　death；　he　set　forth　that　he

had　always　had　much　more　than　his　proper　balance　in　hand；　until　his

engagement；　about　two　years　before；　with　Mr。　Cort；　〃which　by　degrees

has　so　reduced　me；　and　employed　so　much　more　of　my　money　than　I

expected；　that　I　have　been　obliged　to　turn　most　of　my　Navy　bills　into

cash；　and　at　the　same　time；　to　my　great　concern；　am　very　deficient　in

my　balance。　　This　gives　me　great　uneasiness；　nor　shall　I　live　or　die

in　peace　till　the　whole　is　restored。〃　　He　had；　however；　made　the　first

false　step；　after　which　the　downhill　career　of　dishonesty　is　rapid。

His　desperate　attempts　to　set　himself　right　only　involved　him　the

deeper；　his　conscious　breach　of　trust　caused　him　a　degree　of　daily

torment　which　he　could　not　bear；　and　the　discovery　of　his

defalcations；　which　was　made　only　a　few　days　before　his　death；

doubtless　hastened　his　end。



The　Government　acted　with　promptitude；　as　they　were　bound　to　do　in

such　a　case。　　The　body　of　Jellicoe　was　worth　nothing　to　them；　but　they

could　secure　the　property　in　which　he　had　fraudulently　invested　the

public　moneys　intrusted　to　him。　　With　this　object　the　them　Paymaster

of　the　Navy　proceeded　to　make　an　affidavit　in　the　Exchequer　that

Henry　Cort　was　indebted　to　His　Majesty　in　the　sum　of　27；500L。　and

upwards；　in　respect　of　moneys　belonging　to　the　public　treasury；　which

〃Adam　Jellicoe　had　at　different　times　lent　and　advanced　to　the　said

Henry　Cort；　from　whom　the　same　now　remains　justly　due　and　owing；　and

the　deponent　saith　he　verily　believes　that　the　said　Henry　Cort　is

much　decayed　in　his　credit　and　in　very　embarrassed　circumstances；　and

therefore　the　deponent　verily　believes　that　the　aforesaid　debt　so　due

and　owing　to　His　Majesty　is　in　great　danger　of　being　lost　if　some

more　speedy　means　be　not　taken　for　the　recovery　than　by　the　ordinary

process　of　the　Court。〃　　Extraordinary　measures　were　therefore　adopted。

The　assignments　of　Cort's　patents；　which　had　been　made　to　Jellicoe　in

consideration　of　his　advances；　were　taken　possession　of；　but　Samuel

Jellicoe；　the　son　of　the　defaulter；　singular　to　say；　was　put　in

possession　of　the　properties　at　Fontley　and　Gosport；　and　continued　to

enjoy　them；　to　Cort's　exclusion；　for　a　period　of　fourteen　years。　　It

does　not　however　appear　that　any　patent　right　was　ever　levied　by　the

assignees；　and　the　result　of　the　proceeding　was　that　the　whole

benefit　of　Cort's　inventions　was　thus　made　over　to　the　ironmasters

and　to　the　public。　　Had　the　estate　been　properly　handled；　and　the

patent　rights　due　under　the　contracts　made　by　the　ironmasters　with

Cort　been　duly　levied；　there　is　little　reason　to　doubt　that　the　whole

of　the　debt　owing　to　the　Government　would　have　been　paid　in　the

course　of　a　few　years。　　〃When　we　consider；〃　says　Mr。　Webster；　〃how

very　simple　was　the　process　of　demanding　of　the　contracting

ironmasters　the　patent　due　（which　for　the　year　1789　amounted　to

15；000L。；　in　1790　to　15；000L。；　and　in　1791　to　25；000L。）；　and　which

demand　might　have　been　enforced　by　the　same　legal　process　used　to

ruin　the　inventor；　it　is　not　difficult　to　surmise　the　motive　for

abstaining。〃　　The　case；　however；　was　not　so　simple　as　Mr。　Webster　puts

it；　for　there　was　such　a　contingency　as　that　of　the　ironmasters

combining　to　dispute　the　patent　right；　and　there　is　every　reason　to

believe　that　they　were　prepared　to　adopt　that　course。*

　＇footnote。。。

This　is　confirmed　by　the　report　of　a　House　of　Commons　Committee　on

the　subject　Mr。　Davies　Gilbert　chairman）；　in　which　they　say；　〃Your

committee　have　not　been　able　to　satisfy　themselves　that　either　of　the

two　inventions；　one　for　subjecting　cast…iron　to　an　operation　termed

puddling　during　its　conversion　to　malleable　iron；　and　the　other　for

passing　it　through　fluted　or　grooved　rollers；　were　so　novel　in　their

principle　or　their　application　as　fairly　to　entitle　the　petitioners

＇Mr。　Cort's　survivors＇　to　a　parliamentary　reward。〃　　It　is；　however；

stated　by　Mr。　Mushet　that　the　evidence　was　not　fairly　taken　by　the

committeethat　they　were　overborne　by　the　audacity　of　Mr。　Samuel

Homfray；　one　of　the　great　Welsh　ironmasters；　whose　statements　were

altogether　at　variance　with　known　factsand　that　it　was　under　his

influence　that　Mr。　Gilbert　drew　up　the　fallacious　report　of　the

committee。　　The　illustrious　James　Watt；　writing　to　Dr。　Black　in　1784；

as　to　the　iron　produced　by　Cort's　process；　said；　〃Though　I　cannot