industrial biography- 第30部分

as　to　the　iron　produced　by　Cort's　process；　said；　〃Though　I　cannot

perfectly　agree　with　you　as　to　its　goodness；　yet　there　is　much

ingenuity　in　the　idea　of　forming　the　bars　in　that　manner；　which　is

the　only　part　of　his　process　which　has　any　pretensions　to　novelty。。。。

Mr。　Cort　has；　as　you　observe；　been　most　illiberally　treated　by　the

trade：　　they　are　ignorant　brutes；　but　he　exposed　himself　to　it　by

showing　them　the　process　before　it　was　perfect；　and　seeing　his

ignorance　of　the　common　operations　of　making　iron；　laughed　at　and

despised　him；　yet　they　will　contrive　by　some　dirty　evasion　to　use　his

process；　or　such　parts　as　they　like；　without　acknowledging　him　in　it。

I　shall　be　glad　to　be　able　to　be　of　any　use　to　him。　　Watts

fellow…feeling　was　naturally　excited　in　favour　of　the　plundered

inventor；　he　himself　having　all　his　life　been　exposed　to　the　attacks

of　like　piratical　assailants。

　。。。＇



Although　the　Cort　patents　expired　in　1796　and　1798　respectively；　they

continued　the　subject　of　public　discussion　for　some　time　after；　more

particularly　in　connection　with　the　defalcations　of　the　deceased　Adam

Jellicoe。　　It　does　not　appear　that　more　than　2654l。　　was　realised　by

the　Government　from　the　Cort　estate　towards　the　loss　sustained　by　the

public；　as　a　balance　of　24；846l。　　was　still　found　standing　to　the

debit　of　Jellicoe　in　1800；　when　the　deficiencies　in　the　naval

account's　became　matter　of　public　inquiry。　　A　few　years　later；　in

1805；　the　subject　was　again　revived　in　a　remarkable　manner。　　In　that

year；　the　Whigs；　Perceiving　the　bodily　decay　of　Mr。　Pitt；　and　being

too　eager　to　wait　for　his　removal　by　death；　began　their　famous　series

of　attacks　upon　his　administration。　　Fearing　to　tackle　the　popular

statesman　himself；　they　inverted　the　ordinary　tactics　of　an

opposition；　and　fell　foul　of　Dundas；　Lord　Melville；　then　Treasurer　of

the　Navy；　who　had　successfully　carried　the　country　through　the　great

naval　war　with　revolutionary　France。　　They　scrupled　not　to　tax　him

with　gross　peculation；　and　exhibited　articles　of　impeachment　against

him；　which　became　the　subject　of　elaborate　investigation；　the　result

of　which　is　matter　of　history。　　In　those　articles；　no　reference

whatever　was　made　to　Lord　Melville's　supposed　complicity　with

Jellicoe；　nor；　on　the　trial　that　followed；　was　any　reference　made　to

the　defalcations　of　that　official。　　But　when　Mr。　Whitbread；　on　the　8th

of　April；　1805；　spoke　to　the　〃Resolutions〃　in　the　Commons　for

impeaching　the　Treasurer　of　the　Navy；　he　thought　proper　to　intimate

that　he　〃had　a　strong　suspicion　that　Jellicoe　was　in　the　same

partnership　with　Mark　Sprott；　Alexander　Trotter；　and　Lord　Melville。

He　had　been　suffered　to　remain　a　public　debtor　for　a　whole　year　after

he　was　known　to　be　in　arrears　upwards　of　24；000L。　　During　next　year

11；000L。　more　had　accrued。　　It　would　not　have　been　fair　to　have　turned

too　short　on　an　old　companion。　　It　would　perhaps；　too；　have　been

dangerous；　since　unpleasant　discoveries　might　have　met　the　public

eye。　　It　looked　very　much　as　if；　mutually　conscious　of　criminality；

they　had　agreed　to　be　silent；　and　keep　their　own　secrets。〃



In　making　these　offensive　observations　Whitbread　was　manifestly

actuated　by　political　enmity。　　They　were　utterly　unwarrantable。　　In　the

first　place；　Melville　had　been　formally　acquitted　of　Jellicoe's

deficiency　by　a　writ　of　Privy　Seal；　dated　31st　May；　1800；　and

secondly；　the　committee　appointed　in　that　very　year　（1805）　to

reinvestigate　the　naval　accounts；　had　again　exonerated　him；　but

intimated　that　they　were　of　opinion　there　was　remissness　on　his　part

in　allowing　Jellicoe　to　remain　in　his　office　after　the　discovery　of

his　defalcations。



the　report　made　by　the　commissioners　to　the　Houses　of　Parliament　in

1805；*

　＇footnote。。。

Tenth　Report　of　the　Commissioners　of　Naval　Inquiry。　　See　also　Report

of　Select　Committee　on　the　10th　Naval　Report。　　May；　1805。

　。。。＇

　the　value　of　Corts　patents　was　estimated　at　only　100L。　　Referring　to

the　schedule　of　Jellicoe's　alleged　assets；　they　say　〃Many　of　the

debts　are　marked　as　bad；　and　we　apprehend　that　the　debt　from　Mr。

Henry　Cort；　not　so　marked；　of　54；000L。　and　upwards；　is　of　that

description。〃　　As　for　poor　bankrupt　Henry　Cort；　these　discussions

availed　nothing。　　On　the　death　of　Jellicoe；　he　left　his　iron　works；

feeling　himself　a　ruined　man。　　He　made　many　appeals　to　the　Government

of　the　day　for　restoral　of　his　patents；　and　offered　to　find　security

for　payment　of　the　debt　due　by　his　firm　to　the　Crown；　but　in　vain。　　In

1794；　an　appeal　was　made　to　Mr。　Pitt　by　a　number　of　influential

members　of　Parliament；　on　behalf　of　the　inventor　and　his　destitute

family　of　twelve　children；　when　a　pension　of　200L。　a…year　was　granted

him。　　This　Mr。　Cort　enjoyed　until　the　year　1800；　when　he　died；　broken

in　health　and　spirit；　in　his　sixtieth　year。　　He　was　buried　in

Hampstead　Churchyard；　where　a　stone　marking　the　date　of　his　death　is

still　to　be　seen。　　A　few　years　since　it　was　illegible；　but　it　has

recently　been　restored　by　his　surviving　son。



Though　Cort　thus　died　in　comparative　poverty；　he　laid　the　foundations

of　many　gigantic　fortunes。　　He　may　be　said　to　have　been　in　a　great

measure　the　author　of　our　modern　iron　aristocracy；　who　still

manufacture　after　the　processes　which　he　invented　or　perfected；　but

for　which　they　never　paid　him　a　shilling　of　royalty。　　These　men　of

gigantic　fortunes　have　owed　muchwe　might　almost　say　everything　to

the　ruined　projector　of　〃the　little　mill　at　Fontley。〃　　Their　wealth

has　enriched　many　families　of　the　older　aristocracy；　and　has　been　the

foundation　of　several　modern　peerages。　　Yet　Henry　Cort；　the　rock　from

which　they　were　hewn；　is　already　all　but　forgotten；　and　his　surviving

children；　now　aged　and　infirm；　are　dependent　for　their　support　upon

the　slender　pittance　wrung　by　repeated　entreaty　and　expostulation

from　the　state。



The　career　of　Richard　Crawshay；　the　first　of　the　great　ironmasters

who　had　the　sense　to　appreciate　and　adopt　the　methods　of

manufacturing　iron　invented　by　Henry　Cort；　is　a　not　unfitting

commentary　on　the　sad　history　we　have　thus　briefly　described。　　It

shows　how；　as　respects　mere　money…making；　shrewdness　is　more　potent

than　invention；　and　business　faculty　than　manufacturing　skill。

Richard　Crawshay　was　born　at　Normanton　near　Leeds；　the　son　of　a　small

Yorkshire　farmer。　　When　a　youth；　he　worked　on　his　father's　farm；　and

looked　forward　to　occupying　the　same　condition　in　life；　but　a

difference　with　his　father　unsettled　his　mind；　and　at　the　age　of

fifteen　he　determined　to　leave　his　home；　and　seek　his　fortune

elsewhere。　　Like　most　unsettled　and　enterprising　lads；　he　first　made

for　London；　riding　to　town　on　a　pony　of　his　own；　which；　with　the

clothes　on　his　back；　formed　his　entire　fortune。　　It　took　him　a

fortnight　to　make　the　journey；　in　consequence　of　the　badness　of　the

roads。　　Arrived　in　London；　he　sold　his　pony　for　fifteen　pounds；　and

the　money　kept　him　until　he　succeeded　in　finding　employment。　　He　was

so　fortunate　as　to　be　taken　upon　trial　by　a　Mr。　Bicklewith；　who　kept

an　ironmonger's　shop　in　York　Yard；　Upper　Thames　Street；　and　his　first

duty　there　was　to　clean　out　the　office；　put　the　stools　and　desks　in

order　for　the　other　clerks；　run　errands；　and　act　as　porter　when

occasion　required。　　Young　Crawshay　was　very　attentive；　industrious；

and　shrewd；　and　became　known　in　the　office　as　〃The　Yorkshire　Boy。〃

Chiefly　because　of　his　〃cuteness；〃　his　master　appointed　him　to　the

department　of　selling　flat　irons。　　The　London　washerwomen　of　that　day

were　very　sharp　and　not　very　honest；　and　it　used　to　be　said　of　them

that　where　they　bought　one　flat　iron　they　generally　contrived　to

steal　two。　　Mr。　Bicklewith　thought　he　could　not　do　better　than　set　the

Yorkshireman　to　watch　the　washerwomen；　and；　by　way　of　inducement　to

him　to　be　vigilant；　he　gave　young　Crawshay　an　interest　in　that　branch

of　the　business；　which　was　soon　found　to　prosper　under　his　charge。

After　a　few　more　years；　Mr。　Bicklewith　retired；　and　left　to　Crawshay

the　cast…iron　business　in　York　Yard。　　This　he　still　further　increased；

There　was　not　at　that　time　much　enterprise　in　the　iron　trade；　but

Crawshay　endeavoured　to　connect　himself　with　what　there　was　of　it。

The　price　of　iron　was　then　very　high；　and　the　best　sorts　were　still

imported　from　abroad；　a　good　deal　of　the　foreign　iron　and　steel　being

still　landed　at　the　Steelyard　on　the　Thames；　in　the　immediate

neighbourhood　of　Crawshay's　ironmongery　store。



It　seems　to　have　occurred　to　some　London　capitalists　that　money　was

then　to　be　made　in　the　iron　trade；　and　that　South　Wales　was　a　good

field　for　an　experiment。　　The　soil　there　was　known　to　be　full　of　coal

and　ironstone；　and　several　small　iron　works　had　for　some　time　been

carried　on；　which　were　supposed　to　be　doing　well。　　Merthyr　Tydvil　was

one　of　the　places　at　which　operations　had　been　begun；　but　the　place

being　situated　in　a　hill　district；　of　difficult　access；　and　the

manufacture　being　still　in　a　very　imperfect　state；　the　progress　made

was　for　some　time　very　slow。　　Land　containing　coal　and　iron　was　deemed

of　very　little　value；　as　maybe　inferred　from　the　fact　that　in　the

year　1765；　Mr。　Anthony　Bacon；　a　man　of　much　foresight；　took　a　lease

from　Lord　Talbot；　for　99　years；　of　the　minerals　under　forty　square

miles　of　country　surrounding　the　then　insignificant　hamlet　of　Merthyr

Tydvil；　at　the　trifling　rental　of　200L。　a…year。　　There　he　erected　iron

works；　and　supplied　the　Government　with　considerable　quantities　of

cannon　and　iron　for　different　purposes；　and　having　earned　a

competency；　he　retired　from　business　in　1782；　subletting　his　mineral

tract　in　four　divisionsthe　Dowlais；　the　Penydarran；　the　Cyfartha；

and　the　Plymouth　Works；　north；　east；　west；　and　south；　of　Merthyr

Tydvil。



Mr。　Richard　Crawshay　became　the　lessee　of　what　Mr。　Mushet　has　called

〃the　Cyfartha　flitch　of　the　great　Bacon　domain。〃　　There　he　proceeded

to　carry　on　t