the nature of rent- 第7部分

stationary　demand　for　labour；　but　by　the　additional　evil　of　being

able　to　command　but　a　small　portion　of　manufactures　or　foreign

commodities；　with　the　little　surplus　which　he　may　possess。　If；

for　instance；　under　a　stationary　population；　we　suppose；　that　in

average　families　two　thirds　of　the　wages　estimated　in　corn　are

spent　in　necessary　provisions；　it　will　make　a　great　difference　in

the　condition　of　the　poor；　whether　the　remaining　one　third　will

command　few　or　many　conveniencies　and　comforts；　and　almost

invariably；　the　higher　is　the　price　of　corn；　the　more　indulgences

will　a　given　surplus　purchase。

　　　　The　high　or　low　price　of　provisions；　therefore；　in　any

country　is　evidently　a　most　uncertain　criterion　of　the　state　of

the　poor　in　that　country。　Their　condition　obviously　depends　upon

other　more　powerful　causes；　and　it　is　probably　true；　that　it　is

as　frequently　good。　or　perhaps　more　frequently　so；　in　countries

where　corn　is　high；　than　where　it　is　low。

　　　　　At　the　same　time　it　should　be　observed；　that　the　high　price

of　corn；　occasioned　by　the　difficulty　of　procuring　it；　may　be

considered　as　the　ultimate　check　to　the　indefinite　progress　of　a

country　in　wealth　and　population。　And；　although　the　actual

progress　of　countries　be　subject　to　great　variations　in　their

rate　of　movement；　both　from　external　and　internal　causes；　and　it

would　be　rash　to　say　that　a　state　which　is　well　peopled　and

proceeding　rather　slowly　at　present；　may　not　proceed　rapidly

forty　years　hence；　yet　it　must　be　owned；　that　the　chances　of　a

future　rapid　progress　are　diminished　by　the　high　prices　of　corn

and　labour；　compared　with　other　countries。

　　　　It　is；　therefore；　of　great　importance；　that　these　prices

should　be　increased　as　little　as　possible　artificially；　that　is；

by　taxation。　But　every　tax　which　falls　upon　agricultural　capital

tends　to　check　the　application　of　such　capital；　to　the　bringing

of　fresh　land　under　cultivation；　and　the　improvement　of　the　old。

It　was　shown；　in　a　former　part　of　this　inquiry；　that　before　such

application　of　capital　could　take　place；　the　price　of　produce；

compared　with　the　instruments　of　production；　must　rise

sufficiently　to　pay　the　farmer。　But；　if　the　increasing

difficulties　to　be　overcome　are　aggravated　by　taxation；　it　is

necessary；　that　before　the　proposed　improvements　are　undertaken；

the　price　should　rise　sufficiently；　not　only　to　pay　the　farmer；

but　also　the　government。　And　every　tax；　which　falls　on

agricultural　capital；　either　prevents　a　proposed　improvement；　or

causes　it　to　be　purchased　at　a　higher　price。

　　　　When　new　leases　are　let；　these　taxes　are　generally　thrown　off

upon　the　landlord。　The　farmer　so　makes　his　bargain；　or　ought　so

to　make　it；　as　to　leave　himself；　after　every　expense　has　been

paid；　the　average　profits　of　agricultural　stock　in　the　actual

circumstances　of　the　country；　whatever　they　may　be；　and　in

whatever　manner　they　may　have　been　affected　by　taxes；

particularly　by　so　general　a　one　as　the　property　tax。　The　farmer；

therefore；　by　paying　a　less　rent　to　his　landlord　on　the　renewal

of　his　lease；　is　relieved　from　any　peculiar　pressure；　and　may　go

on　in　the　common　routine　of　cultivation　with　the　common　profits。

But　his　encouragement　to　lay　out　fresh　capital　in　improvements　is

by　no　means　restored　by　his　new　bargain。　This　encouragement　must

depend；　both　with　regard　to　the　farmer　and　the　landlord　himself；

exclusively　on　the　price　of　produce；　compared　with　the　price　of

the　instruments　of　production；　and；　if　the　price　of　these

instruments　have　been　raised　by　taxation；　no　diminution　of　rent

can　give　relief。　It　is；　in　fact；　a　question；　in　which　rent　is　not

concerned。　And；　with　a　view　to　progressive　improvements；　it　may

be　safely　asserted；　that　the　total　abolition　of　rents　would　be

less　effectual　than　the　removal　of　taxes　which　fall　upon

agricultural　capital。

　　　　I　believe　it　to　be　the　prevailing　opinion；　that　the　greatest

expense　of　growing　corn　in　this　country　is　almost　exclusively

owing　to　the　weight　of　taxation。　Of　the　tendency　of　many　of　our

taxes　to　increase　the　expenses　of　cultivation　and　the　price　of

corn；　I　feel　no　doubt；　but　the　reader　will　see　from　the　course　of

argument　pursued　in　this　inquiry；　that　I　think　a　part　of　this

price；　and　perhaps　no　inconsiderable　part；　arises　from　a　cause

which　lies　deeper；　and　is　in　fact　the　necessary　result　of　the

great　superiority　of　our　wealth　and　population；　compared　with　the

quality　of　our　natural　soil　and　the　extent　of　our　territory。

　　　　This　is　a　cause　which　can　only　be　essentially　mitigated　by

the　habitual　importation　of　foreign　corn；　and　a　diminished

cultivation　of　it　at　home。　The　policy　of　such　a　system　has　been

discussed　in　another　place；　but；　of　course；　every　relief　from

taxation　must　tend；　under　any　system；　to　make　the　price　of　corn

less　high；　and　importation　less　necessary。

　　　　In　the　progress　of　a　country　towards　a　high　state　of

improvement；　the　positive　wealth　of　the　landlord　ought；　upon　the

principles　which　have　been　laid　down；　gradually　to　increase；

although　his　relative　condition　and　influence　in　society　will

probably　rather　diminish；　owing　to　the　increasing　number　and

wealth　of　those　who　live　upon　a　still　more　important　surplus（18*）

…　the　profits　of　stock。

　　　　The　progressive　fall；　with　few　exceptions；　in　the　value　of

the　precious　metals　throughout　Europe；　the　still　greater　fall；

which　has　occurred　in　the　richest　countries；　together　with　the

increase　of　produce　which　has　been　obtained　from　the　soil；　must

all　conduce　to　make　the　landlord　expect　an　increase　of　rents　on

the　renewal　of　his　leases。　But；　in　reletting　his　farms；　he　is

liable　to　fall　into　two　errors；　which　are　almost　equally

prejudicial　to　his　own　interests；　and　to　those　of　his　country。

　　　　In　the　first　place；　he　may　be　induced；　by　the　immediate

prospect　of　an　exorbitant　rent；　offered　by　farmers　bidding

against　each　other；　to　let　his　land　to　a　tenant　without

sufficient　capital　to　cultivate　it　in　the　best　way；　and　make　the

necessary　improvements　upon　it。　This　is　undoubtedly　a　most

short…sighted　policy；　the　bad　effects　of　which　have　been　strongly

noticed　by　the　most　intelligent　land　surveyors　in　the　evidence

lately　brought　before　Parliament；　and　have　been　particularly

remarkable　in　Ireland；　where　the　imprudence　of　the　landlords　in

this　respect；　combined；　perhaps；　with　some　real　difficulty　of

finding　substantial　tenants；　has　aggravated　the　discontents　of

the　country；　and　thrown　the　most　serious　obstacles　in　the　way　of

an　improved　system　of　cultivation。　The　consequence　of　this　error

is　the　certain　loss　of　all　that　future　source　of　rent　to　the

landlord；　and　wealth　to　the　country；　which　arises　from　increase

of　produce。

　　　　The　second　error　to　which　the　landlord　is　liable；　is　that　of

mistaking　a　mere　temporary　rise　of　prices；　for　a　rise　of

sufficient　duration　to　warrant　an　increase　of　rents。　It

frequently　happens；　that　a　scarcity　of　one　or　two　years；　or　an

unusual　demand　arising　from　any　other　cause；　may　raise　the　price

of　raw　produce　to　a　height；　at　which　it　cannot　be　maintained。　And

the　farmers；　who　take　land　under　the　influence　of　such　prices；

will；　in　the　return　of　a　more　natural　state　of　things；　probably

break；　and　leave　their　farms　in　a　ruined　and　exhausted　state。

These　short　periods　of　high　price　are　of　great　importance　in

generating　capital　upon　the　land；　if　the　farmers　are　allowed　to

have　the　advantage　of　them；　but；　if　they　are　grasped　at

prematurely　by　the　landlord；　capital　is　destroyed；　instead　of

being　accumulated；　and　both　the　landlord　and　the　country　incur　a

loss；　instead　of　gaining　a　benefit。

　　　　A　similar　caution　is　necessary　in　raising　rents；　even　when

the　rise　of　prices　seems　as　if　it　would　be　permanent。　In　the

progress　of　prices　and　rents；　rent　ought　always　to　be　a　little

behind；　not　only　to　afford　the　means　of　ascertaining　whether　the

rise　be　temporary　or　permanent；　but　even　in　the　latter　case；　to

give　a　little　time　for　the　accumulation　of　capital　on　the　land；

of　which　the　landholder　is　sure　to　feel　the　full　benefit　in　the

end。

　　　　There　is　no　just　reason　to　believe；　that　if　the　lands　were　to

give　the　whole　of　their　rents　to　their　tenants；　corn　would　be

more　plentiful　and　cheaper。　If　the　view　of　the　subject；　taken　in

the　preceding　inquiry；　be　correct；　the　last　additions　made　to　our

home　produce　are　sold　at　the　cost　of　production；　and　the　same

quantity　could　not　be　produced　from　our　own　soil　at　a　less　price；

even　without　rent。　The　effect　of　transferring　all　rents　to

tenants；　would　be　merely　the　turning　them　into　gentlemen；　and

tempting　them　to　cultivate　their　farms　under　the　superintendence

of　careless　and　uninterested　bailiffs；　instead　of　the　vigilant

eye　of　a　master；　who　is　deterred　from　carelessness　by　the　fear　of

ruin；　and　stimulated　to　exertion　by　the　hope　of　a　competence。　The

most　numerous　instances　of　successful　industry；　and　well…directed

knowledge；　have　been　found　among　those　who　have　paid　a　fair　rent

for　their　lands；　who　have　embarked　the　whole　of　their　capital　in

their　undertaking；　and　who　feel　it　their　duty　to　watch　over　it

with　unceasing　care；　and　add　to　it　whenever　it　is　possible。　But

when　this　laudable　spirit　prevails　among　a　tenantry；　it　is　of　the

very　utmost　importance　to　the　progress　of　riches；　and　the

permanent　increase　of　rents；　that　it　should　have　the　power　as

well　as　the　will　to　accumulate；　and　an　interval　of　advancing

prices；　not　immediately　followed　by　a　proportionate　rise　of

rents；　furnishes　the　most　effective　powers　of　this　kind。　These

intervals　of　advancing　prices；　when　not　succeeded　by　retrograde

movements；　most　powerfully　contribute　to　the　progress　of　national

wealth。　And　practically　I　should　say；　that　when　once　a　character

of　industry　and　economy　has　been　established；　temporary　high

profits　are　a　more　frequent　and　powerful　source　of　accumulation；

than　either　an　increased　spirit　of　saving；　or　any　other　cause