vill3- 第14部分

mportance　was　attached　to　the　carriage　of　the　'farm；'　that　is　of　the　products　designed　for　the　consumption　of　the　lord。（36*）　In　some　surveys　we　find　the　qualification　that　the　peasants　are　not　obliged　to　carry　anything　but　such　material　as　may　be　put　on　the　fire；　i。e。　used　in　the　kitchen。（37*）　In　the　manor　itself　there　are　many　carriage　duties　to　be　performed：　carts　are　required　for　the　grain；　or　for　spreading　the　dung。　The　work　of　loading　and　of　following　the　carts　is　imposed　on　those　who　are　not　able　to　provide　the　implements。（38*）　And　alongside　of　the　duties　of　carriage　by　horses　or　oxen　we　find　the　corresponding　manual　duty。　The　'averagium　super　dorsum　suum'　falls　on　the　small　tenant　who　does　not　own　either　horses　or　oxen。（39*）　Such　small　people　are　also　made　to　drive　the　swine　or　geese　to　the　market。（40*）　The　lord　and　his　chief　stewards　must　look　sharp　after　the　distribution　of　these　duties　in　order　to　prevent　wealthy　tenants　from　being　put　to　light　duties　through　the　protection　of　the　bailiffs；　who　may　be　bribed　for　the　purpose。（41*）　　　　　It　would　be　hard　to　imagine　any　kind　of　agricultural　work　which　is　not　imposed　on　the　peasantry　in　these　manorial　surveys。　The　tenants　mind　the　lord's　ploughs；　construct　houses　and　booths　for　him；　repair　hedges　and　dykes；　work　in　vineyards；　wash　and　shear　the　sheep；（42*）　etc。　In　some　cases　the　labour　has　to　be　undertaken　by　them；　not　in　the　regular　run　of　their　services；　but　by　special　agreement；　as　it　were；　in　consideration　of　some　particular　right　or　permission　granted　to　them。（43*）　Also　it　happens　from　time　to　time　that　the　people　of　one　manor　have　to　perform　some　services　in　another；　for　instance；　because　they　use　pasture　in　that　other　manor。（44*）　Such　'forinsec'　labour　may　be　due　even　from　tenants　of　a　strange　lord。　By　the　side　of　purely　agricultural　duties　we　find　such　as　are　required　by　the　political　or　judicial　organisation　of　the　manor。　Peasants　are　bound　to　guard　and　hang　thieves；　to　carry　summonses　and　orders；　to　serve　at　the　courts　of　the　superior　lord　and　of　the　king。（45*）　　　　　In　consequence　of　the　great　variety　of　these　labour…services　they　had　to　be　reduced　to　some　chief　and　plain　subdivisions　for　purposes　of　a　general　oversight。　Three　main　classes　are　very　noticeable　notwithstanding　all　variety　the　araturae；　averagia；　and　ianuoperationes。　These　last　are　also　called　hand…dainae　or　daywerke；（46*）。　and　the　records　give　sometimes　the　exact　valuation　of　the　work　to　be　performed　during　a　day　in　every　kind　of　labour。　Sometimes　all　the　different　classes　are　added　up　under　one　head　for　a　general　reckoning；　and　without　any　distinction　as　to　work　performed　by　hand　or　with　the　help　of　horse　or　ox；　Among　the　manors　of　Christ　Church；　Canterbury；（47*）　for　instance；　we　find　at　Borle　'1480　work…days　divided　into　44　weeks　of　labour　from　the　virgaters；　88　from　the　cotters；　320　from　the　tofters　holding　small　tenements　in　the　fields。'　In　Bockyng　the　work…days　of　52　weeks　are　reckoned　to　be　3222。　It　must　be　added；　that　when　such　a　general　summing　up　appears；　it　is　mostly　to　be　taken　as　an　indication　that　the　old　system　based　on　labour　in　kind　is　more　or　less　shaken。　The　aim　of　throwing　together　the　different　classes　of　work　is　to　get　a　general　valuation　of　its　worth；　and　such　a　valuation　in　money　is　commonly　placed　by　the　side　of　the　reckoning。　The　single　day…work　yields　sometimes　only　one　penny　or　a　little　more；　and　the　landlord　is　glad　to　exchange　this　cumbrous　and　cheap　commodity　for　money…rents；　even　for　small　ones。　　　　　We　must　now　proceed　to　examine　the　different　forms　assumed　by　payments　in　kind　and　money：　they　present　a　close　parallel　to　the　many　varieties　of　labour…service。　Thirteenth…century　documents　are　full　of　allusions　to　payments　in　kind…　that　most　archaic　form　of　arranging　the　relations　between　a　lord　and　his　subjects。　The　peasants　give　corn　under　different　names；　and　for　various　reasons：　as　gavelseed；　in　addition　to　the　money…rent　paid　for　their　land。（48*）　as　foddercorn；　of　oats　for　the　feeding　of　horses　（49*）；　as　gathercorn；　which　a　manorial　servant　has　to　collect　or　gather　from　the　several　homesteads。（50*）　as　corn…bole；　a　best　sheaf　levied　at　harvest…time。（51*）　Of　other　provender　supplied　to　the　lord's　household　honey　is　the　most　common；　both　in　combs　and　in　a　liquid　form；（52*）　Ale　is　sometimes　brewed　for　the　same　purpose；　and　sometimes　malt　and　braseum　furnished　as　material　to　be　used　in　the　manorial　farm；（53*）　Animals　are　also　given　in　rent；　mostly　sheep；　lambs；　and　sucking…pigs；　The　mode　of　selection　is　peculiar　in　some　cases。　In　the　Christ　Church　（Canterbury）　manor　of　Monckton　each　sulung　has　to　render　two　lambs；　and　the　lord's　servant　has　the　right　to　take　those　which　he　pleases；　whereupon　the　owner　gets　a　receipt；　evidently　in　view　of　subsequent　compensation　from　the　other　co…owners　of　the　sulung。（54*）　If　no　suitable　lamb　is　to　be　found；　eight　pence　are　paid　instead　of　it　as　mail　（mala）；　on　one　of　the　estates　of　Gloucester　Abbey　a　freeman　has　to　come　on　St。　Peter's　and　Paul's　day　with　a　lamb　of　the　value　of　12d。；　and　besides；　12　pence　in　money　are　to　be　hung　in　a　purse　on　the　animal's　neck。（55*）　Poultry　is　brought　almost　everywhere；　but　these　prestations　are　very　different　in　their　origin。　The　most　common　reason　for　giving　capons　is　the　necessity　for　getting　the　warranty　of　the　lord：（56*）　In　this　sense　the　receipt　and　payment　of　the　rent　constitute　an　acknowledgment　on　the　part　of　the　lord　that　he　is　bound　to　protect　his　men；　and　on　the　part　of　the　peasant　that　he　is　the　lord's　villain。　　Wood　hens'　are　given　for　licence　to　take　a　load　of　wood　in　a　forest；　similar　prestations　occur　in　connexion　with　pasture　and　with　the　use　of　a　moor　for　turbary。（57*）　At　Easter　the　peasantry　greet　their　protectors　by　bringing　eggs：　in　Walton；　a　manor　of　St。　Paul's；　London；　the　custom　is　said　to　exist　in　honour　of　the　lord；　and　at　the　free　discretion　of　the　tenants。（58*）　Besides　all　those　things　which　may　be　'put　on　the　fire　and　eaten；'　rents　in　kind　sometimes　take　the　shape　of　some　object　for　permanent　use；　especially　of　some　implement　necessary　for　the　construction　of　the　plough。（59*）　Trifling　rents；　consisting　of　flowers　or　roots　of　ginger；　are　sometimes　imposed　with　the　object　of　testifying　to　the　lord's　seignory；　but　the　payers　of　such　rents　are　generally　freeholders。（60*）　I　need　not　dwell　long　on　the　enumeration　of　all　the　strange　prestations　which　existed　during　the　Middle　Ages；　and　partly　came　down　to　our　own　time：　any　reader　curious　about　them　will　find　an　enormous　mass　of　interesting　material　in　Hazlitt's　'Tenures　of　Land　and　Customs　of　Manors。'　　　　　In　opposition　to　labour　and　rents　in　kind　we　find　a　great　many　payments　in　money。　Some　of　these　are　said　in　as　many　words　to　have　stept　into　the　place　of　labour　services；　of　mowing；　carrying；　making　hedges；（61*）　etc。　The　same　may　be　the　case　in　regard　to　produce：　barlicksilver　is　paid　instead　of　barley；　fish…silver　evidently　instead　of　fish；　malt…silver　instead　of　malt；　a　certain　payment　instead　of　salt；　and　so　on。（62*）　But　sometimes　the　origin　of　the　money　rent　is　more　difficult　to　ascertain。　We　find；　for　instance；　a　duty　on　sheep；　which　is　almost　certainly　an　original　imposition　when　it　appears　as　fald…silver。　Even　so　the　scythe…penny　from　every　scythe；　the　bosing…silver　from　every　horse　and　cart；　the　wood…penny；　probably　for　the　use　of　wood　as　fuel；　must　be　regarded　as　original　taxes　and　not　quit…rents　or　commutation…rents。（63*）　Pannage　is　paid　in　the　same　way　for　the　swine　grazing　in　the　woods。（64*）　Ward…penny　appears　also　in　connexion　with　cattle；　but　with　some　special　shade　of　meaning　which　it　is　difficult　to　bring　out　definitely；　the　name　seems　to　point　to　protection；　and　also　occurs　in　connexion　with　police　arrangements。（65*）　　　　　I　must　acknowledge　that　in　a　good　many　cases　I　have　been　unable　to　find　a　satisfactory　explanation　for　various　terms　which　occur　in　the　records　for　the　divers　payments。　An　attentive　study　of　local　usages　will　probably　lead　to　definite　conclusions　as　to　most　of　them。（66*）　From　a　general　point　of　view　it　is　interesting　to　notice；　that　we　find　already　in　our　records　some　attempts　to　bring　all　the　perplexing　variety　of　payments　to　a　few　main　designations。　Annual　rents　are；　of　course；　reckoned　out　under　the　one　head　of　'census。'　Very　obvious　reasons　suggested　the　advisability　of　computing　the　entire　money…proceed　yielded　by　the　estate。（67*）　It　sometimes　happens　that　the　general　sum　made　up　in　this　way；　fixed　as　it　is　at　a　constant　amount；　is　used　almost　as　a　name　for　a　complex　of　land。（68*）　A　division　of　rents　into　old　and　new　ones　does　not　require　any　particular　explanation。（69*）　But　several　other　subdivisions　are　worth　notice。　The　rent　paid　from　the　land　often　appears　separately　as　landgafol　or　landchere。　It　is　naturally　opposed　to　payments　that　fall　on　the　person　as　poll　taxes。（70*）　These　last　are　considered　guaranteed　by　the　as　a　return　for　the　personal　protection　lord　to　his　subjects。　Of　the　contrast　between　gafol　as　a　customary　rent　and　mal　as　a　payment　in　commutation　I　have　spoken　already；　and　I　have　only　to　add　now；　that　gild　is　sometimes　used　in　the　same　sense　as　mal。（71*）　Another　term　in　direct　opposition　to　gafol　is　the　Latin　donum。（72*）　It　seems　to　indicate　a　special　payment　imposed　as　a　kind　of　voluntary　contribution　on　the　entire　village。　To　be　sure；　there　was　not　much　free　will　to　be　exercised　in　the　matter；　all　the　dependent　people　of　the　township　had　to　pay　according　to　their　means。（73*）　But　the　tax　must　have　been　considered　as　a　supplementary　one　in　the　same　sense　as　supplementary　boon…work。　It　may　have　been　originally　intended　in　some　cases　as　an　equivalent　for　some　rights　surrendered　by　the　lord；　as　a　mal　or　gild；　in　fact。（74*）　In　close　connexion　with　the　donum　we　find　the　auxilium；（75*）　also　an　extraordinary　tax　paid　once　a　year；　and　distinguished　from　the　ordinary　rent。　It　appears　as　a　direct　consequence　of　the　political　subjection　of　the　tenantry。（76*）。　It　is；　in　fact；　merely　an　expression　of　the　right　to　tallage。　Our　records　mention　it　sometimes　as　apportioned　according　to　the　number　of　cattle　owned　by　the　peasant；　but　this　concerns　only　the　mode　of　imposition　of　the　duty　and　hardly　its　origin。（77*）　As　I　have　said　already；　the　auxilium　is　in　every　respect　like　the　donum。　One　very　characteristic　tr