to support the right of every separate part；
whether of religion； personal freedom； or property。
A firm bargain and a right reckoning make long friends。
In a former page I likewise mentioned the necessity of a large
and equal representation； and there is no political matter
which more deserves our attention。 A small number of electors；
or a small number of representatives； are equally dangerous。
But if the number of the representatives be not only small；
but unequal； the danger is increased。 As an instance of this；
I mention the following； when the Associators petition was before
the House of Assembly of Pennsylvania； twenty…eight members only were present；
all the Bucks county members； being eight； voted against it；
and had seven of the Chester members done the same； this whole province had
been governed by two counties only； and this danger it is always exposed to。
The unwarrantable stretch likewise； which that house made
in their last sitting； to gain an undue authority over the delegates
of that province； ought to warn the people at large； how they trust power
out of their own hands。 A set of instructions for the Delegates
were put together； which in point of sense and business would have
dishonoured a schoolboy； and after being approved by a FEW； a VERY FEW
without doors； were carried into the House； and there passed
IN BEHALF OF THE WHOLE COLONY； whereas； did the whole colony know；
with what ill…will that House hath entered on some necessary public measures；
they would not hesitate a moment to think them unworthy of such a trust。
Immediate necessity makes many things convenient； which if continued
would grow into oppressions。 Expedience and right are different things。
When the calamities of America required a consultation； there was no
method so ready； or at that time so proper； as to appoint persons from
the several Houses of Assembly for that purpose； and the wisdom with
which they have proceeded hath preserved this continent from ruin。
But as it is more than probable that we shall never be without a
CONGRESS； every well wisher to good order； must own； that the mode
for choosing members of that body； deserves consideration。 And I put it
as a question to those； who make a study of mankind； whether representation
and election is not too great a power for one and the same body of men
to possess？ When we are planning for posterity； we ought to remember；
that virtue is not hereditary。
It is from our enemies that we often gain excellent maxims； and are
frequently surprised into reason by their mistakes； Mr。 Cornwall
（one of the Lords of the Treasury） treated the petition of the New…York
Assembly with contempt； because THAT House； he said； consisted but
of twenty…six members； which trifling number； he argued； could not
with decency be put for the whole。 We thank him for his involuntary honesty。
＇Those who would fully understand of what great consequence a large and equal
representation is to a state； should read Burgh's political disquisitions。＇
TO CONCLUDE； however strange it may appear to some； or however unwilling
they may be to think so； matters not； but many strong and striking reasons
may be given； to shew； that nothing can settle our affairs so expeditiously
as an open and determined declaration for independance。 Some of which are；
FIRST。 It is the custom of nations； when any two are at war；
for some other powers； not engaged in the quarrel； to step in as mediators；
and bring about the preliminaries of a peace： hut while America calls
herself the Subject of Great Britain； no power； however well disposed
she may be； can offer her mediation。 Wherefore； in our present state
we may quarrel on for ever。
SECONDLY。 It is unreasonable to suppose； that France or Spain will
give us any kind of assistance； if we mean only； to make use of that
assistance for the purpose of repairing the breach； and strengthening
the connection between Britain and America； because； those powers would
be sufferers by the consequences。
THIRDLY。 While we profess ourselves the subjects of Britain； we must；
in the eye of foreign nations。 be considered as rebels。 The precedent
is somewhat dangerous to THEIR PEACE； for men to be in arms under the name
of subjects； we； on the spot； can solve the paradox： but to unite resistance
and subjection； requires an idea much too refined for common understanding。
FOURTHLY。 Were a manifesto to be published； and despatched
to foreign courts； setting forth the miseries we have endured；
and the peaceable methods we have ineffectually used for redress；
declaring； at the same time； that not being able； any longer；
to live happily or safely under the cruel disposition of the British court；
we had been driven to the necessity of breaking off all connections with her；
at the same time； assuring all such courts of our peaceable disposition
towards them； and of our desire of entering into trade with them：
Such a memorial would produce more good effects to this Continent；
than if a ship were freighted with petitions to Britain。
Under our present denomination of British subjects； we can neither
be received nor heard abroad： The custom of all courts is against us；
and will be so； until； by an independance； we take rank with other nations。
These proceedings may at first appear strange and difficult； but；
like all other steps which we have already passed over； will in a little time
become familiar and agreeable； and； until an independance is declared；
the Continent will feel itself like a man who continues putting off some
unpleasant business from day to day； yet knows it must be done； hates to
set about it； wishes it over； and is continually haunted with
the thoughts of its necessity。
APPENDIX
Since the publication of the first edition of this pamphlet；
or rather； on the same day on which it came out； the King's Speech
made its appearance in this city。 Had the spirit of prophecy directed
the birth of this production； it could not have brought it forth；
at a more seasonable juncture； or a more necessary time。
The bloody mindedness of the one； shew the necessity of pursuing
the doctrine of the other。 Men read by way of revenge。
And the Speech； instead of terrifying； prepared a way
for the manly principles of Independance。
Ceremony； and even； silence； from whatever motive they
may arise； have a hurtful tendency； when they give the least
degree of countenance to base and wicked performances；
wherefore； if this maxim be admitted； it naturally follows；
that the King's Speech； as being a piece of finished villany；
deserved； and still deserves； a general execration both by the
Congress and the people。 Yet； as the domestic tranquillity of
a nation； depends greatly； on the CHASTITY of what may properly
be called NATIONAL MANNERS； it is often better； to pass
some things over in silent disdain； than to make use of such
new methods of dislike； as might introduce the least innovation；
on that guardian of our peace and safety。 And； perhaps；
it is chiefly owing to this prudent delicacy； that the King's
Speech； hath not； before now； suffered a public execution。
The Speech if it may be called one； is nothing better than
a wilful audacious libel against the truth； the common good；
and the existence of mankind； and is a formal and pompous
method of offering up human sacrifices to the pride of tyrants。
But this general massacre of mankind。 is one of the privileges；
and the certain consequence of Kings； for as nature knows them NOT；
they know NOT HER； and although they are beings of our OWN creating；
they know not US； and are become the gods of their creators。
The Speech hath one good quality； which is； that it is not calculated
to deceive； neither can we； even if we would； be deceived by it。
Brutality and tyranny appear on the face of it。 It leaves us at no loss：
And every line convinces； even in the moment of reading； that He；
who hunts the woods for prey； the naked and untutored Indian；
is less a Savage than the King of Britain。
Sir John Dalrymple； the putative father of a whining jesuitical piece；
fallaciously called； 〃THE ADDRESS OF THE PEOPLE OF _ENGLAND_
TO THE INHABITANTS OF _AMERICA_；〃 hath； perhaps； from a vain supposition；
that the people here were to be frightened at the pomp and description
of a king； given； （though very unwisely on his part） the real character
of the present one： 〃But〃 says this writer； 〃if you are inclined to pay
compliments to an administration； which we do not complain of；〃
（meaning the Marquis of Rockingham's at the repeal of the Stamp Act）
〃it is very unfair in you to withhold them from that prince
by WHOSE _NOD ALONE_ THEY WERE PERMITTED TO DO ANY THING。〃
This is toryism with a witness！ Here is idolatry even without a mask：
And he who can calmly hear； and digest such doctrine；
hath forfeited his claim to rationality an apostate
from the order of manhood； and ought to be considered as one；
who hath not only given up the proper dignity of man；
but sunk himself beneath the rank of animals；
and contemptibly crawl through the world like a worm。
However； it matters very little now； what the king of England
either says or does； he hath wickedly broken through every
moral and human obligation； trampled nature and conscience
beneath his feet； and by a steady and constitutional spirit
of insolence and cruelty； procured for himself an universal
hatred。 It is NOW the interest of America to provide for herself。
She hath already a large and young family； whom it is more her
duty to take care of； than to be granting away her property；
to support a power who is become a reproach to the names
of men and christiansYE； whose office it is to watch over
the morals of a nation； of whatsoever sect or denomination
ye are of； as well as ye； who； are more immediately the guardians